1. Sonoluminescence: An Introduction Answers to questions "What is sonoluminescence?", "Why is it so interesting?" Category Science Technology Ultrasound sonoluminescence......sonoluminescence an Introduction. About the LLNL sonoluminescenceexperiment. What is sonoluminescence? sonoluminescence http://www-phys.llnl.gov/N_Div/sonolum/

Sonoluminescence: an Introduction About the LLNL sonoluminescence experiment What is sonoluminescence? Sonoluminescence is the emission of light by bubbles in a liquid excited by sound. It was first discovered by scientists at the University of Cologne in 1934, but was not considered very interesting at the time. In recent years, a number of researchers have sought to understand this phenomenon in more detail. A major breakthrough occurred when Gaitan et al. were able to produce single-bubble sonoluminescence, in which a single bubble, trapped in a standing acoustic wave, emits light with each pulsation. Before this development, research was hampered by the instability and short lifetime of the phenomenon. Why is sonoluminescence so interesting? Sonoluminescence has created a stir in the physics community. The mystery of how a low-energy-density sound wave can concentrate enough energy in a small enough volume to cause the emission of light is still unsolved. It requires a concentration of energy by about a factor of one trillion. To make matters more complicated, the wavelength of the emitted light is very short - the spectrum extends well into the ultraviolet. Shorter wavelength light has higher energy, and the observed spectrum of emitted light seems to indicate a temperature in the bubble of at least 10,000 degrees Celsius, and possibly a temperature in excess of one million degrees Celsius. Such a high temperature makes the study of sonoluminescence especially interesting for the possibility that it might be a means to achieve thermonuclear fusion.

2. Direct Observations Of Single Sonoluminescence Pulses To investigate the physical processes underlying the phenomenon of sonoluminescence, researchers attempte Category Science Technology Ultrasound sonoluminescence......Observations of SinglePulse sonoluminescence. We report attempts to measurethe diameter and duration of single sonoluminescence flashes. http://www-phys.llnl.gov/N_Div/sonolum/sonolum_paper.html

Observations of Single-Pulse Sonoluminescence M. J. Moran R. E. Haigh M. E. Lowry , and D. R. Sweider Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 G. R. Abel, J. T. Carlson, S.D. Lewia, A. A. Atchley, D. F. Gaitan, and X. K. Maruyama Physics Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943 Abstract The physical processes underlying the phenomenon of sonoluminescence have not been clearly resolved by previous measurements. The possibility that sonoluminescence might involve such extreme conditions that it could produce neutrons makes measurements of parameters such as the source temperature, diameter, and density valuable. We report attempts to measure the diameter and duration of single sonoluminescence flashes. For both parameters, our results were limited by the resolution of the instruments, giving upper limits on source diameters of three microns and upper limits on emission durations of twelve picoseconds. Introduction Sonoluminescence (SL) is the emission of flashes of light by imploding air bubbles in liquid. It was first observed as random flashes of light during studies of cavitation. Recently, repetitive emission of SL has been produced under relatively stable, reproducible experimental conditions. The excellent stability of SL from single acoustically levitated bubbles has made possible detailed studies of the emission characteristics. We have attempted to measure the images and histories of single SL events. If possible, it is important to know whether these quantities differ substantially from their average values. Clearly, the spatial distribution and temporal history are fundamental to probing the basic nature of SL. Furthermore, given the optical flux from a SL event, the duration and size of the source relate directly to its energy density and thus bear directly on remote possibilities such as inertial confinement fusion.

3. Sonoluminescence At Marlboro College sonoluminescence at Marlboro College, Marlboro, Vermont Single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) is a phenomenon where light is emitted from a collapsing bubble of air. http://www.marlboro.edu/~johna/sonolum

4. Physics News Graphics: Sonoluminescence And Medical Ultrasound Physics News Graphics (American Institute of Physics) http://www.aip.org/physnews/graphics/html/sonomed.htm

AIP HOME PAGE Online Journal Publishing Service AIP Journals Publishing Services Science Policy History Center Working at AIP Site Index Sonoluminescence and Medical Ultrasound Scientists have found evidence that medical ultrasound devices can produce sonoluminescence. This figure shows the calculated acoustic field of a device used in medicine to induce therapeutic lesions in tissue. This acoustic field generates intense sonoluminescence, although not so much at the focus, where one would expect it to be the most intense. (Figures courtesy of Lawrence Crum, University of Washington) Link to Physics News Preview, movie "Chain Reaction" Back to Physics News Graphics Main Page Click on Logo to Return to AIP Home Page American Institute of Physics One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3843 Email: aipinfo@aip.org Phone: 301-209-3100; Fax: 301-209-0843

5. Boosting Sonoluminescence Joachim Holzfuss , Matthias Rüggeberg , Robert Mettin Institut für Angewandte Physik, TU Category Science Technology Ultrasound sonoluminescence......Boosting sonoluminescence. Abstract Single bubble sonoluminescence has been experimentallyproduced through a novel approach of optimized sound excitation. http://www.physik.tu-darmstadt.de/~hofu/paper/boosting/main.html

Boosting Sonoluminescence Joachim Holzfuss , Robert Mettin accepted for publication in PRL, Received: September 26, 1996 Abstract: Single bubble sonoluminescence has been experimentally produced through a novel approach of optimized sound excitation. A driving consisting of a first and second harmonic with selected amplitudes and relative phase results in an increase of light emission compared to sinusoidal driving. We achieved a raise of the maximum photo current of up to 300% with the two-mode sound signal. Numerical simulations of multi-mode excitation of a single bubble are compared to this result. PACS numbers: 78.60.Mq, 43.25.Yw, 42.65.Re, 02.60.Pn By focusing ultrasonic waves of high intensity into a liquid, thousands of tiny bubbles appear. This process of breakup of the liquid is called acoustic cavitation. The bubbles begin to form a fractal structure that is dynamically changing in time. They also emit a loud chaotic sound because of their forced nonlinear oscillations in the sound field [ ]. The large mechanical forces on objects brought into contact with the bubbles enable the usage of cavitation in cleaning, particle destruction and chemistry. Marinesco and Trillat [

6. Scientific American: Ask The Experts: Physics: The Bubbles Produced By Ultrasoun The bubbles produced by ultrasound in water (sonoluminescence) reach extremely high temperatures and Category Science Technology Ultrasound sonoluminescence...... Ask the Experts Physics. The bubbles produced by ultrasound in water (sonoluminescence)reach extremely high temperatures and pressures for brief periods. http://www.sciam.com/askexpert_question.cfm?articleID=000950E3-6815-1C71-9EB7809

7. Single Bubble Sonoluminescence HOWTO Reinhard's Experimental Physics Letters (unpublished) 5/1996Category Science Technology Ultrasound sonoluminescence......Single Bubble sonoluminescence HOWTO. So if you already know about sonoluminescenceand now want to reproduce it, this is the right place to look at. http://www.physik3.gwdg.de/~rgeisle/nld/sbsl-howto.html

Reinhard's Experimental Physics Letters (unpublished) 5/1996 Single Bubble Sonoluminescence HOWTO What's this all about? There are many papers about the theory of Single Bubble Sonoluminescence available, but exact descriptions how to produce it are rare. So if you already know about sonoluminescence and now want to reproduce it, this is the right place to look at. I tried to give a complete and detailed report of the steps towards SBSL. Any suggestions, supplementations, comments are welcome... Equipment (required): sinus generator: any function generator working around 25 kHz, adjustable to +/- 1 Hz (+/- 10 Hz may work, too) amplifier: nearly any kind of audio amplifier will do. If you're not sure, measure the saturation voltage: 40 V peak-to-peak should be enough. 2-trace oscilloscope 2 piezoceramic Transducers (drivers): around d=16 mm in diameter, h=8 mm thick piezoceramic pill-transducer (microphone): around 3 mm in diameter, 1 mm thick three finger clamp laboratory stand flask: take a 100 ml Pyrex/Duran spherical flask, diameter 65 mm, with a small neck. An industrial one has poor optical quality, so better take a free blown one. coil(s): around 20 mH, see

8. The Virtual Sonoluminescence Symposium The definitive sonoluminescence site. http://www.wdv.com/Notebook/Sono

9. Physics News Graphics: The Sonoluminescence Process American Institute of PhysicsCategory Science Technology Ultrasound sonoluminescence...... The sonoluminescence Process. The Soluminescence Process. sonoluminescenceis the conversion of sound into light. Ultrasonic http://www.aip.org/physnews/graphics/html/sono1.htm

AIP HOME PAGE Online Journal Publishing Service AIP Journals Publishing Services Science Policy History Center Working at AIP Site Index The Sonoluminescence Process The Soluminescence Process. Sonoluminescence is the conversion of sound into light. Ultrasonic waves are aimed at an air bubble in a small water cylinder. The sound waves cause the bubble to oscillate furiously: (a) the bubble starts out at a size around 5 microns (millionths of a meter); (b) then it expands to a maximum size (not to scale) of about 50 microns. At this large size there is a near-vacuum inside the bubble because of the relatively few air molecules present. This low-pressure near-vacuum region is surrounded outside the bubble by a much higher-pressure region, which causes (c) a catastrophic collapse of the bubble to between 0.1 and 1 microns. During this compression phase a flash of light (d) emerges from the bubble. (By Malcolm Tarlton, American Institute of Physics). Link to Physics News Preview on the movie "Chain Reaction" Back to Physics News Graphics Main Page Click on Logo to Return to AIP Home Page American Institute of Physics One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3843

10. Topics In Quantum Optics (MPhil Or PhD) Student project http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/prog/topics/theory24.html

Experimental Projects Theoretical Projects Theoretical Project nos. 24. Topics in quantum optics (MPhil or PhD) Prof. Leung, P.T. , Room 204, (852) 2609 6396, E-mail: ptleung@phy.cuhk.edu.hk The study of atom-photon interactions has been an important area in which fundamental aspects of quantum physics are illustrated and tested. Advances in technology have made possible experimental verifications in some instances, such as the well-known example of Bose-Einstein condensation. In this project, one student may be admitted to carry out research in various areas in quantum optics. Possible topics include optical properties of Bose-Einstein condensates, cavity quantum electrodynamic effects in dispersive and absorptive media, and the theory of single-atom laser. References: C.K. Law, T.W. Chen and P.T. Leung, "Jaynes-Cummings model in leaky cavities: An exact pure-state approach", Physical Review A 61, pp. 023808(1-7) (2000). T.W. Chen, P.T. Leung and M.C. Chu, "Optical emissions in a sonoluminescing bubble", Physical Review E 62, pp. 6584-6596 (2000). C.K. Law, C.M. Chan, P.T. Leung and M.C. Chu, "Motional dressed states in a Bose-Einstein condensate: Superfluidity at supersonic speed", Physical Review Letters 85, pp. 1598-1601 (2000).

11. Publications On Sonoluminescence Detlef LohseCategory Science Technology Ultrasound sonoluminescence......Publications on sonoluminescence. Detlef Lohse. M. Brenner, D. Lohse, and T. Dupont,Bubble shape oscillations and the onset of sonoluminescence, Phys. http://www.tn.utwente.nl/wsl/publications/pubsonoluminescence.html

Publications on Sonoluminescence Detlef Lohse M. Brenner, D. Lohse, and T. Dupont, Bubble shape oscillations and the onset of sonoluminescence Phys. Rev. Lett. 954-957 (1995). Detlef Lohse, Sonolumineszenz, Phys. Blaett. 51, 1087-1088 (1995). M. Brenner, D. Lohse, D. Oxtoby, and T. Dupont, Mechanisms for stable sonoluminescence Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 1158-1161 (1996). S. Hilgenfeldt, D. Lohse, and M. Brenner, Phase diagrams for sonoluminescing bubbles Phys. Fluids 8, 2808-2826 (1996). M. Brenner, S. Hilgenfeldt, D. Lohse, and R. Rosales, Acoustic Energy Storage in Single Bubble Sonoluminescence Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3467-3470 (1996). M. Brenner, S. Hilgenfeldt, and D. Lohse, Why air bubbles in water glow so easily in ``Nonlinear Physics of Complex Systems Current Status and Future Trends'', page 79-97, edited by J. Parisi, S. C. Mueller, and Zimmermann (Springer, Berlin, 1996). M. Brenner, S. Hilgenfeldt, and D. Lohse, Sonoluminescence: Why fiery bubbles have eternal life, in ``Chaos und Strukturbildung 1996'', Reihe FakTUM

12. The Net Advance Of Physics sonoluminescenceCategory Science Technology Ultrasound sonoluminescence......The Net Advance of Physics sonoluminescence. sonoluminescence GeneralIntroductory Levinson, 96/01;; General Net Advance 96/06;; http://web.mit.edu/redingtn/www/netadv/Xsonolumin.html

The Net Advance of Physics: SONOLUMINESCENCE SONOLUMINESCENCE: General: Introductory: Levinson, 96/01; General: Net Advance 96/06; General: Homepages: UCLA (possibly gone); Stewart; Suslick; Demelia et al.; Re: CASIMIR EFFECT: Milton 98/11; Milton 99/01; Type: MULTIPLE BUBBLE: Demelia et al. (homepage); THE NET ADVANCE OF PHYSICS

13. A New Hypothesis On The Mechanism Of Sonoluminescence It is hypothesized that sonoluminescence is due to the collision of this jet with the other side of the bubble surface. http://flux.aps.org/meetings/BAPSDFD96/abs/S220008.html

Next abstract Session BC - Bubbles. ORAL session, Sunday morning, November 24 Room 1, OnCenter [BC.08] A new hypothesis on the mechanism of sonoluminescence Andrea Prosperetti (Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD 21218) Part B of program listing

14. Sonoluminescence Report A summary of the history and prevailing theories of sonoluminescence are presented. Details of the constructed rig are given, with reasons for the choices of each piece of equipment. Although sonoluminescence was not obtained, the work did solve some of the major problems involved with producing the phenomenon. http://www.dawnlink.ltd.uk/sl/report.html

Sonoluminescence The Star In A Jar Author: John Robson Project Partner: Peter Street Supervisor: Dr R. Smith Assessor: Dr J. Marangos Sonoluminescence is a fascinating phenomenon in which sound energy is converted to light. A summary of the history and prevailing theories of sonoluminescence are presented. Details of the constructed rig are given, with reasons for the choices of each piece of equipment. Although sonoluminescence was not obtained, the work did solve some of the major problems involved with producing the phenomenon. No new data was obtained and the apparatus has now been taken over by another group who have managed to take further steps. Hopefully this apparatus will eventually house a sonoluminescent bubble. Introduction History Of Sonoluminescence The word sonoluminescence means ‘light from sound’ and is derived from the Latin sonus meaning sound and the Greek lumos meaning light. The phenomenon of sonoluminescence occurs when a small gas bubble collapses rapidly in a fluid. There are two main classifications of sonoluminescence: Multiple Bubble SonoLuminescence (hereafter MBSL) and Single Bubble SonoLuminescence (hereafter SBSL). In the 1930’s the two fields of sonochemistry and cavitation combined. In 1933 N.Marinesco and J.J.Trillat found that a photographic plate was fogged by submersion in liquid that was being agitated by ultrasonics thus discovering MBSL. In 1934 H.Frenzel and H.Schultes, from the university of Cologne, reported that they could reproduce a weak but visible light in water using ultrasound. They tried to explain this by suggesting that it was an electrical phenomenon caused by the motion of the bubbles and dismissed it at that, as it was not considered useful in their wartime research into marine acoustic radar.

15. Sonoluminescence Homepage sonoluminescence kits ready to run http://www.sonoluminescence.com/

Sonoluminescence apparatus ready to run. Email: sl100@sonoluminescence.com johnkord@yahoo.com

16. Sonoluminescence (A. S¤rkilahti and M. M. Salomaa) http://waist.hut.fi/annrep/1996/node33.html

Next: THEORETICAL MATERIALS PHYSICS Up: ACOUSTICS Previous: Surface-Acoustic Waves Sonoluminescence (A. Särkilahti and M. M. Salomaa) An intense field of ultrasound in a fluid can trap a sub-millimeter radius gas bubble and make it emit light. This phenomenon is called sonoluminescence. The mechanisms that convert sound into light still remain unexplained despite many various theoretical approaches. A gas bubble is created into a flask filled with fluid. For example degassed, purified water and air are an excellent pair for the phenomenon. A coherent beam of ultrasound makes the bubble cavitate, i.e. to expand and compress in phase with the sound wave. Typical frequency for the sound wave is 25 kHz. While violently imploding in each cycle, the bubble emits light quanta. The duration of the light pulses is less than 50 ps and their energy is about 3 eV. The intensity of the acoustic field is thereby amplified by a factor of Figure 5.12: Motion of the sonoluminescence bubble as a function of time. Notice the supersonic velocity of the radius at the time of imploding. The source of the sonoluminescence light is unknown. The duration of the light pulses is shorter than the electromagnetic transitions in atoms. The exact motion of the bubble cannot be described with classical hydrodynamics, instead the so-called Rayleigh-Plesset equation must be used. The proposed explanations for the phenomenon contradict each other. These vary from shock waves produced into the bubble to quantum vacuum radiation.

17. Christopher Petersen's Page Chris Petersen (University of California Santa Barbara)Category Science Technology Ultrasound sonoluminescence......sonoluminescence, Quotes and Links~. While at Shasta College I completedan independent study on single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL). http://members.aol.com/cpeter2001/science2/

Sonoluminescence, Quotes and Links~ Hello, my name is Chris Petersen. I am a Physics major at the University of California Santa Barbara and no longer at Shasta College in Redding, CA. While at Shasta College I completed an independent study on single bubble Sonoluminescence (SBSL). Under Tom Masulis and Joe Polen, Douglas Manning and I were successful in making Sonoluminescence. This is an incredible phenomenon where sound can be converted into light! Sonoluminescence was discovered by accident (like most applications in science) in the early 1930's by a pair of German Physicists @ the University of Cologne. It hasn't been until the last ten years that theorists and researchers have really given sonoluminescence an audience. The leading work has being done by Seth J. Putterman, Robert A. Hiller and Bradley P. Barber at UCLA. While this group has published many papers on sonoluminescence the most popular of their papers can be found in Scientific American Feb. 1995 Vol.272. The phenomenon of single bubble sonoluminescence can be produced as a table top physics project. From 100 to 200 dollars one can make sonoluminescence. To make SBSL (Single Bubble Sonoluminescence) one has to have a bubble (of plain air) surrounded by water in a spherical flask and then bombarded by high frequency sound waves. This causes the bubble to contract and as this happens something very spectacular happens! The bubble starts emitting light. Light, as in photons are being emitted from this bubble of air (now plasma) that is under contraction. I hope that you are as amazed as I was the first time I learned of this effect (that is if you are not already looking for info on SL).

18. Sonoluminescence sonoluminescence This phenomenon is called sonoluminescence. The mechanisms that convert sound into light still remain unexplained http://focus.hut.fi/annrep/1996/node33.html

Next: THEORETICAL MATERIALS PHYSICS Up: ACOUSTICS Previous: Surface-Acoustic Waves Sonoluminescence (A. Särkilahti and M. M. Salomaa) An intense field of ultrasound in a fluid can trap a sub-millimeter radius gas bubble and make it emit light. This phenomenon is called sonoluminescence. The mechanisms that convert sound into light still remain unexplained despite many various theoretical approaches. A gas bubble is created into a flask filled with fluid. For example degassed, purified water and air are an excellent pair for the phenomenon. A coherent beam of ultrasound makes the bubble cavitate, i.e. to expand and compress in phase with the sound wave. Typical frequency for the sound wave is 25 kHz. While violently imploding in each cycle, the bubble emits light quanta. The duration of the light pulses is less than 50 ps and their energy is about 3 eV. The intensity of the acoustic field is thereby amplified by a factor of Figure 5.12: Motion of the sonoluminescence bubble as a function of time. Notice the supersonic velocity of the radius at the time of imploding. The source of the sonoluminescence light is unknown. The duration of the light pulses is shorter than the electromagnetic transitions in atoms. The exact motion of the bubble cannot be described with classical hydrodynamics, instead the so-called Rayleigh-Plesset equation must be used. The proposed explanations for the phenomenon contradict each other. These vary from shock waves produced into the bubble to quantum vacuum radiation.

19. Sonoluminescence sonoluminescence. Wade Lutgen, a friend of mine from REU, successfully producedsonoluminescence. Wade's homepage at OSU can be found here. http://www-mhp.physics.lsa.umich.edu/~jin/sono.html

Sonoluminescence Sonoluminescence (SL) is a phonomenon where a small air bubble in water is stimulated by ultrasound (on the order of kHz), producing faint but visible light. There are two types of SL. One involving multiple bubbles and the other involving a single bubble. MBSL has long been observed (~1930), however, its study and analysis has been complicated by the complex interactions between many bubbles. Dr. D. Felipe Gaitan of University of Mississippi succeeded in producing the SL with a single bubble in the late 80s. This greatly improved the chances for both theoretical and experimental understanding of SL. Currently, most prominent research on SL is done at the UCLA by S. Putterman, R. Hiller and B. Barber. Wade Lutgen, a friend of mine from REU, successfully produced sonoluminescence. Wade's homepage at OSU can be found here. I wrote my undergraduate senior thesis on sonoluminescence. My SL machine never worked but I think I have a fairly good history/background material and vendor list for parts. The thesis is available in PDF format HERE Please be aware that I am no longer actively researching SL. While I'd be happy to provide clarifications of the thesis, I cannot answer anything more than what's already in it! Good luck.

20. Untitled Document A research center on the University of Mississippi campus that specializes in the physics of acoustics, including sonoluminescence, resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, outdoor sound, nonlinear acoustics, land mine detection, and agroacoustics. http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/ncpa/

UM Web Directories Organizations Departments People Places ... Important Numbers Jamie Whitten N ational C enter for P hysical A coustics University of Mississippi Coliseum Drive University MS 38677 662-915-5889 (voice) 662-915-7494 (fax) ncpa@olemiss.edu Information Research Events Education Links Search NCPA Home May every young scientist remember... and not fail to keep his eyes open for the possibility that an irritating failure of his apparatus to give consistent results may once or twice in a lifetime conceal an important discovery. Patrick Blackett Webmaster: libby@olemiss.edu Last update: October 4, 2002 One way, though by no means the simplest, of not hearing what someone is saying, is to run, with a velocity greater than that of sound, relative to the air surrounding the speaker. The sound waves produced will then never be able to reach our ears. On the other hand, if we missed an important word which will never be repeated, we must run with a speed greater than that of sound to reach the produced wave and to catch the word. Albert Einstein You are the 56425th visitor since the big bang.

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