1. Radiocarbon WEB-info Extensive information concerning the radiocarbon dating method from Tom Higham, Radiocarbon Laboratory, Category Science Social Sciences radiocarbon dating......Welcome to radiocarbon WEBinfo. radiocarbon dating is the technique upon whichchronologies of the late Pleistocene and Holocene have been built. http://www.c14dating.com/

Welcome to radiocarbon WEB-info. Radiocarbon dating is the technique upon which chronologies of the late Pleistocene and Holocene have been built. This resource is designed to provide online information concerning the radiocarbon dating method. We hope it will be of occasional use to radiocarbon users and interested students alike. thomas.higham@archaeology-research.oxford.ac.uk INDEX Introduction Measurement Applications WWW Links ... Email LAST MODIFIED 16 May 2002 HTML DOCUMENT BY T. HIGHAM.

2. Waikato Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory trust us for your radiocarbon requirements. Waikato radiocarbon dating Fund. Waikato offers three contestable awards http://www.radiocarbondating.com/

3. The Method to order time. radiocarbon dating has been one of the most significantdiscoveries in 20th century science. Renfrew (1973) called http://www.c14dating.com/int.html

BY: THOMAS HIGHAM "Everything which has come down to us from heathendom is wrapped in a thick fog; it belongs to a space of time we cannot measure. We know that it is older than Christendom, but whether by a couple of years or a couple of centuries, or even by more than a millenium, we can do no more than guess." [Rasmus Nyerup, (Danish antiquarian), 1802 (in Trigger, 1989:71)]. Nyerup's words illustrate poignantly the critical power and importance of dating; to order time. Radiocarbon dating has been one of the most significant discoveries in 20th century science. Renfrew (1973) called it 'the radiocarbon revolution' in describing its impact upon the human sciences. Oakley (1979) suggested its development meant an almost complete re-writing of the evolution and cultural emergence of the human species. Desmond Clark (1979) wrote that were it not for radiocarbon dating, "we would still be foundering in a sea of imprecisions sometime bred of inspired guesswork but more often of imaginative speculation" (Clark, 1979:7). Writing of the European Upper Palaeolithic, Movius (1960) concluded that

4. RADIOCARBON Home Page International journal of radioisotope dating Article indexes; sales of subscriptions and back issues.Category Science Social Sciences radiocarbon dating...... The results of the latest FIRI Workshop are here. If you're looking for basic informationabout radiocarbon dating, Try This Site or Radiocarbon's Info Page. http://www.radiocarbon.org/

Look here for online access to the latest issues. Read the 17th C-14 Proceedings issues here Determination of the Radiocarbon Age of Parchment of the Vinland Map by D J Donahue • J S Olin • G Harbottle WHAT'S NEW : updated 17 January 2003. The results of the latest FIRI Workshop are here. If you're looking for basic information about radiocarbon dating, Try This Site or Radiocarbon's Info Page ERRATA : Entries for Volumes 43 and 42 The fine print: Material on the Radiocarbon Radiocarbon -related correspondence only. Unsolicited bulk commercial email to these addresses is not acceptable, and permission is not granted to include them in any for-profit list of e-mail addresses automatically or manually harvested from WWW sites. Contents/Indexes/Back Issues Subscribers' Area About Radiocarbon Info for Authors ... (Staff use)

5. Radiocarbon The radiocarbon dating Service at the School of Archaeology and Palaeoecology. Sample sizes, staff, cost and time. http://www.qub.ac.uk/arcpal/c14/c14.htm

Cost and time Sample sizes Routine vs. High Precision Staff ... C dating? radiocarbon Radiocarbon Dating Service Welcome to the Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory homepage at the School of Archaeology and Palaeoecology Queen's University, Belfast How is radiocarbon ( C) used for dating the past? We undertake several hundred routine and high precision radiocarbon analyses a year for research and commercial investigations into contemporary and past processes. The Palaeoecology Centre is a purpose-built environmental research facility specialising in the chronology and nature of past environmental change. In terms of chronology, the Centre houses a world class, high-precision, radiocarbon and dendrochronology dating laboratories. It has been responsible for the construction of 7000-year oak tree-ring in Ireland and England. These chronologies allow the precise dating of archaeological wood and some interpretation of past environmental change. Dr. Chris Turney

6. The Pitfalls Of Radiocarbon Dating Paper detailing why radiocarbon dating is radically unreliable. http://www.varchive.org/ce/c14.htm

The Pitfalls of Radiocarbon Dating Offering in 1952 his new radiocarbon method for calculating the age of organic material (the time interval since the plant or the animal died), W. F. Libby clearly saw the limitations of the method and the conditions under which his theoretical figures would be valid: A. Of the three reservoirs of radiocarbon on earth—the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the hydrosphere, the richest is the last—the oceans with the seas. The correctness of the method depends greatly on the condition that in the last 40 or 50 thousand years the quantity of water in the hydrosphere (and carbon diluted in it) has not substantially changed. : B. The method depends also on the condition that during the same period of time the influx of cosmic rays or energy particles coming from the stars and the sun has not suffered substantial variations. To check on the method before applying it on various historical and paleontological material, Libby chose material of Egyptian archaeology, under the assumption that no other historical material from over 2,000 years ago is so secure as to its absolute dating. When objects of the Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom of Egypt yielded carbon dates that appeared roughly comparable with the historical dates, Libby made his method known. But as the method was refined, it started to show rather regular anomalies. First, it was noticed that, when radiocarbon dated, wood grown in the 20th century appears more ancient than wood grown in the 19th century. Suess explained the phenomenon by the fact that the increased industrial use of fossil carbon in coal and in oil changed the ratio between the dead carbon C12 and the C14 (radiocarbon) in the atmosphere and therefore also in the biosphere. In centuries to come a body of a man or animal who lived and died in the 20th century would appear paradoxically of greater age since death than the body of a man or animal of the 19th century, and if the process of industrial use of fossil, therefore dead, carbon continues to increase, as it is expected will be the case, the paradox will continue into the forthcoming centuries.

7. The UnMuseum - Radiocarbon Dating Read about some of the most common misconceptions about radiocarbon dating. The field of radiocarbon dating has become a technical one far removed from the naive simplicity which characterized its http://unmuseum.mus.pa.us/radiocar.htm

A Bristlecone Pine high in the mountains of California. Radiocarbon Dating Until the middle of the twentieth century archaeologists had a real problem. If they found a bit of pottery, an old coin, or another object while digging up a site, just how old was it? How could they tell if the object had been dropped on the ground thirty years ago or thirty centuries ago? In general, archaeologists knew that the farther they had to dig down to find an object, the older it probably was and that objects found at the same level, or stratum, were close in age. That was helpful when comparing the relative ages of two items, but how could they get the actual age? And how could they compare the ages of items found at sites fifty miles apart? If a society had written records the archaeologists could compare the history against the type of objects they were finding in the ground. A coin bearing the likeness of Augustus Caesar certainly couldn't have minted before Caesar started his reign. Likewise an Egyptian piece of pottery with a design depicting horse and chariot couldn't have been made before the horse was introduced to Egypt. Using these types of clues archaeologists were able to construct a firm history for some societies. By matching pottery between a culture with a known chronology against one without, they could even hazard a guess about historical dates when there were no records. This still left scientists wondering about the age of sites where neither cross-matching of pottery or written records could be used. That was, until the invention of radiocarbon dating.

8. Beta Analytic - World's Largest Radiocarbon Dating Service; AMS, Mass Spectromet Commercial radiocarbon dating laboratory in Miami, Florida, US. Detailed description of methods and Category Science Social Sciences radiocarbon dating...... FullTime Professional Staff. The professional staff has a combined knowledgeof more than 140 years in radiocarbon dating. All technicians http://www.radiocarbon.com/

Analyzing Over 12,000 Samples Each Year for Researchers Worldwide. Full-Time Professional Staff The professional staff has a combined knowledge of more than 140 years in radiocarbon dating. All technicians are full time personnel who give your samples undivided attention, without the distraction of personal research, teaching, or administrative duties. Each staff member is committed to providing you with the highest degree of analytical quality for each and every sample. Someone is always available to discuss your sample requirements, give you advice on how to proceed, and to discuss results. BETA does not analyze samples with students or part-time researchers who would necessarily be distracted with other obligations and priorities. We Promise Results Within 2-30 Working Days Delivery times are maintained while upholding research standards of analytical quality We use RADIOMETRIC ANALYSIS for larger samples (containing 300 milligrams to 4 grams final carbon) and

9. Radiocarbon Dating Services At Ukraine. Ðàäèîóãëåðîä. Lab in Ukraine offers radiocarbon dating services. Includes description of conventional method and Liquid scintillation counting techniques used. http://users.ldc.net/~mbuz/c14.htm

E-mail Home Principles Quality ... Russian Partners Home Principles Quality Sizes ... Russian Radiocarbon Dating Service C-14 Unit Wellcome !!! Welcome to the homepage of Radiocarbon Dating Service Unit, Laboratory of Radiation Hygiene Monitoring of Marzeev Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology located at Kiev, Ukraine. It is fully-equipped radiocarbon laboratory, specialising in conventional and high-precision dating. Modern LSC-based conventional method applied for radiocarbon investigation in RCRM since 1993. LS measurements were performed utilizing LSC-spectrometer Quantulus 1220 TM , produced by Wallac Oy. Teflon vials shaped 7 ml, 3 ml, 0,8 ml allow optimize LS counting performance for benzene samples of different mass. We have done hundreds radiocarbon analyses for our researches and some for commercial investigations. We would like to discuss a radiocarbon projects and other radioisotope research programmes especially from early stage of planning. If you would like discuss any ideas, please send your inquiry to Dr. Michael Buzinny

10. DATING STONEHENGE English Heritage use radiocarbon dating on the monument. Aims, methods, results. http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/stoneh/start.htm

DATING STONEHENGE As part of the post-excavation process a major programme of radiocarbon dating was undertaken to provide a reliable set of dates for the Monument which archaeologists can be confident in using. To carry out this work the English Heritage Scientific Dating Service gathered and co-ordinated a multi-disciplinary team of experts, consisting of the archaeological team from Wessex Archaeology , the high-precision radiocarbon dating laboratory of the Queen's University of Belfast , and the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit In addition to this core team of archaeologists, chemists, paleoenvironmentalists, physicists, and statisticians, specialist input on the animal bone and antler was provided by the Faunal Remains Unit of the University of Southampton , on curatorial issues by the Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum , and on project management and the wider issues surrounding Stonehenge by the Central Archaeology Service of English Heritage. Aims Methods Results Aims The dating programme for this project was designed to address a series of specific aims: The provision of a series of reliable absolute dates and the construction of a reliable chronology for each major phase of the monument.

11. RADIOCARBON Home Page Radiocarbon, an international journal of radiocarbon and other isotope dating If you're looking for basic information about radiocarbon dating . Try This Site or Radiocarbon's Info Page http://packrat.aml.arizona.edu/

Look here for online access to the latest issues. Read the 17th C-14 Proceedings issues here Determination of the Radiocarbon Age of Parchment of the Vinland Map by D J Donahue • J S Olin • G Harbottle WHAT'S NEW : updated 17 January 2003. The results of the latest FIRI Workshop are here. If you're looking for basic information about radiocarbon dating, Try This Site or Radiocarbon's Info Page ERRATA : Entries for Volumes 43 and 42 The fine print: Material on the Radiocarbon Radiocarbon -related correspondence only. Unsolicited bulk commercial email to these addresses is not acceptable, and permission is not granted to include them in any for-profit list of e-mail addresses automatically or manually harvested from WWW sites. Contents/Indexes/Back Issues Subscribers' Area About Radiocarbon Info for Authors ... (Staff use)

12. C-14 Information And Labs Laboratories Introductions to radiocarbon dating. Proportional gas countingfor radiocarbon, and several other dating techniques. Sweden http://www.radiocarbon.org/Info/

Radiocarbon-Related Information Sources Basics Email List Product Info Computer Programs ... Laboratories Introductions to Radiocarbon Dating "Death Starts the Stop-Watch" A brief museum-like display, in English and German WebInfo - Radiocarbon Dating A compendium of online information on the theory and practice of radiocarbon dating, with references to published material. See RADIOCARBON LABS section below. Check links followed by , the INFO symbol. (Most of the labs also provide detailed technical information about their specific dating techniques.) Internet Discussion List C14-L : Radiocarbon Listserv email list (Search the C14-L archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/c14-l.html RADIOCARBON LABS Links to Radiocarbon Laboratory Websites = Lab with AMS (accelerator) Site has information about C method Austria VERA: Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator Absolute Chronology for Early Civilisations in Austria and Central Europe using 14C Dating with AMS (University of Vienna) Australia Australian National University - Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Explanations and applications lists of several varieties of radiosotope dating.

13. Radiocarbon Database For Andes The database contains 2,800 radiocarbon datings and it is systematicaly updated. http://www.uw.edu.pl/uw/andy/andydb.htm

Andrzej Krzanowski, Adam Michczynski ANDES Radiocarbon Database for Bolivia, Equador and Peru Ladies and Gentelmen, We have a pleasure to present to you a catalogue and a list of dating "ANDES. Radicarbon Database for Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru". The database contains 2,800 radiocarbon datings and it is systematicaly updated. Also some necessary amendments will be introduced in the case of finding any mistakes or inaccuracies. The first 2672 datings have been presented in complete version in the publication in a book (described below). This publication has been dissaminated as a book by " Polbooks s.c. ", ul. Dembego 14/12, 02-796 Warsaw, Poland; tel. +(22)-649-02-84, fax +(22)-624-28-31. In the publication in a book form most of the dates are given in two forms: 1. The radiocarbon datings are uncalibrated (conventional RCT), 2. In the calibrated form, using Stuiver's - Reimers' calibrating curves (1993) and a special computer calibration programs (described below by A. Michczynski). The total data concerning one dating looks like the example below: In the Internet version we present to you a brief information, namely the datings are uncalibrated. They contain laboratory code, the number of laboratory and the name of the site the sample come from.

14. Radiocarbon Dating Chronological Methods 8 radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon, or Carbon-14, dating is probably one of the most widely used http://www.archserve.id.ucsb.edu/Anth3/Courseware/Chronology/08_Radiocarbon_Dati

Chronological Methods 8 - Radiocarbon Dating Radiocarbon, or Carbon-14, dating is probably one of the most widely used and best known absolute dating methods. It was developed by J. R. Arnold and W. F. Libby in 1949, and has become an indispensable part of the archaeologist's tool kit since. It's development revolutionized archaeology by providing a means of dating deposits independent of artifacts and local stratigraphic sequences. This allowed for the establishment of world-wide chronologies. Where does C -14 Come From? Radiocarbon dating relies on a simple natural phenomenon. As the Earth's upper atmosphere is bombarded by cosmic radiation, atmospheric nitrogen is broken down into an unstable isotope of carbon - carbon 14 (C-14). Bombardment Reactions The unstable isotope is brought to Earth by atmospheric activity, such as storms, and becomes fixed in the biosphere. Because it reacts identically to C-12 and C-13, C-14 becomes attached to complex organic molecules through photosynthesis in plants and becomes part of their molecular makeup. Animals eating those plants in turn absorb Carbon-14 as well as the stable isotopes. This process of ingesting C-14 continues as long as the plant or animal remains alive. Diffusion Ingestion C-14 Decay Profile The C-14 within an organism is continually decaying into stable carbon isotopes, but since the organism is absorbing more C-14 during its life, the ratio of C-14 to C-12 remains about the same as the ratio in the atmosphere. When the organism dies, the ratio of C-14 within its carcass begins to gradually decrease. The rate of decrease is 1/2 the quantity at death every 5,730 years. That is the half-life of C-14. The animation provides an example of how this logarithmic decay occurs. Click on the "Show Movie" button below to view this animation.

15. Beta Analytic - World's Largest Radiocarbon Dating Service; AMS, Mass Spectromet Whereas other dating methods involve assumptions based on indeterminate factors,radiocarbon dating only requires the direct measurement of the natural http://www.radiocarbon.com/groundwater.htm

The Application of Radiocarbon Dating to ground water analysis can offer a technique to predict the over-pumping of the aquifer before it becomes contaminated or over-exploited. Download a Sample Study Here ; "Surface water contamination & remediation" (acrobat pdf format) Contrary to theoretical models and after-the-fact contamination data from chemical analysis, natural level radiocarbon analysis offers empirical data which managers can use to make decisions on the future of their districts, before damage is done. This can be done by collecting 1 liter of water from each well head, sending it to us for analysis, and receiving information which is readily understood by commissioners and regulators. Radiocarbon age dating is best known for its applications in archaeology and quaternary geology. Its popular use results from it being the best known isotopic chronometer. Whereas other dating methods involve assumptions based on indeterminate factors, radiocarbon dating only requires the direct measurement of the natural radiocarbon content of the sample and that of an associated reference standard; both of which are quantifiable.

16. Home Page Identification and radiocarbon dating of Archaeological Resinous Deposits from Southeast Asian Ceramics. A research project based at the Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford. http://www.student.brad.ac.uk/clampert/

Research Aims What are resins? Why study archaeological resins? Recognising resins on archaeological ceramics ... Links Archaeological Resinous Deposits from Southeast Asian Ceramics Welcome to our homepage. This website describes ongoing research being carried out at the Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, UK, which seeks to identify and date archaeological resins from Southeast Asia. The resins being studied as part of this project are associated with ceramic sherds from archaeological sites in Southeast Asia of varying age/period, geographical region and cultural influences. To find your way around, you can use the 'links' on the borders or follow the 'next' and 'back' buttons at the foot of each page. Some pages also have clickable 'hotspots'. All 'links' to external websites will open in a new browser window. On the 'Links' page you will find a diverse assortment of sites, some serious, some not so! To return to this page, click on the leaf logo. Top Next University of Bradford Home Page Dept. of Archaeological Sciences

17. Beta Analytic Main Menu was founded in 1979 and is now the world's leading radiocarbon dating Service. RadiocarbonDating services; Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). http://www.win.net/~analytic/

18. SURRC: RADIOCARBON DATING LAB Part of the Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre at Glasgow.Category Science Social Sciences Laboratories...... http://www.gla.ac.uk/Acad/SURRC/Rcl/

The Centre, including its radiocarbon dating unit, is primarily involved in environmental research, using both stable and radioactive isotopes. The original SURRC radiocarbon laboratory was set up under the direction of Dr Doug Harkness soon after the centre was founded in 1963. The laboratory was an immense success and in 1970, it moved to an adjacent building on site when its remit changed to that of a central facility for the UK's Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), providing dating support in the environmental sciences. A radiocarbon facility was restored at SURRC in 1986 when the Glasgow University Radiocarbon Laboratory, which had also been established in the early 1960s, was relocated at SURRC under the direction of Dr Gordon Cook . Currently, both the NERC and the SURRC Radiocarbon Dating Laboratories are administered by SURRC. The SURRC laboratory carries out a commercial radiocarbon dating service as well as fulfilling its research role within the Scottish university system. Currently, the laboratory is involved in a number of research projects including: The Biogeochemistry of Anthropogenic C in the Irish Sea Reconstructing the Historic C Discharge Patterns from Sellafield Deposition, Mixing and Storage Time-Scales in the Benthic Boundary Layer of Deep Ocean Sediments

19. Radiation Physics And Radiocarbon Laboratories, Ireland Measurement of manmade and natural radionuclides in the environment. Radiochemical lab including radiocarbon dating service from the University College Dublin. http://www.ucd.ie/~radphys/

Introduction The radiation physics and radiocarbon research laboratory specialises in the measurement of minute traces of artificial and natural radionuclides in the environment. The laboratory is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities for high resolution alpha spectrometry, low-level beta spectrometry, and high resolution gamma and x-ray spectrometry. Advanced radiochemical separation techniques for nuclides such as plutonium, uranium, thorium, americium, technetium, radiostrontium and radiocaesium have been developed. We also apply radiometric dating techniques for reconstructing environmental histories. Current Research Programmes 1. Marine Radioecology Consequences of radioactive contamination of Arctic waters Transport of contaminated sediments in estuarine and coastal waters (Irish Sea, NE Atlantic, Seine and Gironde estuaries) Solid speciation of radionuclides in fine-grained sediments Ocean scavenging processes using Th/ U disequilibrium 2. Terrestrial Radioecology

20. SURRC: RADIOCARBON DATING LAB The Centre, including its radiocarbon dating unit, is primarily involvedin environmental research, using both stable and radioactive isotopes. http://www.gla.ac.uk/centres/surrc/rcl/

The Centre, including its radiocarbon dating unit, is primarily involved in environmental research, using both stable and radioactive isotopes. The original SURRC radiocarbon laboratory was set up under the direction of Dr Doug Harkness soon after the centre was founded in 1963. The laboratory was an immense success and in 1970, it moved to an adjacent building on site when its remit changed to that of a central facility for the UK's Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), providing dating support in the environmental sciences. A radiocarbon facility was restored at SURRC in 1986 when the Glasgow University Radiocarbon Laboratory, which had also been established in the early 1960s, was relocated at SURRC under the direction of Dr Gordon Cook . Currently, both the NERC and the SURRC Radiocarbon Dating Laboratories are administered by SURRC. The SURRC laboratory carries out a commercial radiocarbon dating service as well as fulfilling its research role within the Scottish university system. Currently, the laboratory is involved in a number of research projects including: The Biogeochemistry of Anthropogenic C in the Irish Sea Reconstructing the Historic C Discharge Patterns from Sellafield Deposition, Mixing and Storage Time-Scales in the Benthic Boundary Layer of Deep Ocean Sediments

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