81. Relational Quantum Mechanics An interpretation of quantum theory which discards the notions of absolute state of a system, absolute value of its physical quantities, or absolute event; by Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-relational/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z content revised FEB Relational Quantum Mechanics Relational quantum mechanics is an interpretation of quantum theory which discards the notions of absolute state of a system, absolute value of its physical quantities, or absolute event. The theory describes only the way systems affect each other in the course of physical interactions. State and physical quantities refer always to the interaction, or the relation, between two systems. Nevertheless, the theory is assumed to be complete. The physical content of quantum theory is understood as expressing the net of relations connecting all different physical systems. 1. Introduction 1.1 The problem 2. Relational view of quantum states 3. Correlations ... Related Entries 1. Introduction Quantum theory is our current general theory of physical motion. The theory is the core component of the momentous change that our understanding of the physical world has undergone during the first decades of the 20th century. It is one of the most successful scientific theories ever: it is supported by vast and unquestionable empirical and technological effectiveness and is today virtually unchallenged. But the interpretation of what the theory actually tells us about the physical world raises a lively debate, which has continued with alternating fortunes, from the early days of the theory in the late twenties, to nowadays. The relational interpretations are a number of reflections by different authors, which were independently developed, but converge in indicating an interpretation of the physical content of the theory. The core idea is to read the theory as a theoretical account of the way distinct physical systems

82. Ars Technica: Nanotechnology And Quantum Mechanics - Page 1 - (3/2001) Nanotechnology and quantum mechanics. by Geon. Microelectromechanical Quantummechanics says that particles also have a wavelength. And http://www.arstechnica.com/wankerdesk/01q1/nanotech-1.html

Serving the PC enthusiast for over 4x10 centuries Subscribe to Ars Technica! Have news? Send it in. document.write(''); Buyer's Guide Product Reviews Ars Shopping Engine Reviews from the 'Net ... Links document.write(''); Nanotechnology and Quantum Mechanics by Geon Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are movable devices manufactured on semiconductors using the same techniques used to make computer chips. They are very small (the smallest separations between their parts are on the order of micrometers). So far, classical mechanics has done a good job of guiding the design of these devices. However, in an article (subscription required for access) in the March 9, 2001 edition of Science, H. B. Chan, V. A. Aksyuk, R. N. Kleiman, D. J. Bishop, and Federico Capasso experimentally demonstrated that quantum effects become significant at such size scales. Some background information may be useful, before describing the experiment. Quantum electrodynamics (the part of quantum theory dealing with electromagnetic phenomena) predicts that empty space isn't really empty, so that there is no such thing as a perfect vacuum. Even in a vacuum, and even at a temperature of absolute zero, all kinds of particles pop in and out of existence as a consequence of the famous Uncertainty Principle of quantum mechanics. These particles pop into existence (in particle-antiparticle pairs), hang around for a little while, but must then must disappear again. How long they can hang around depends on how heavy the particles are the heavier the particles, the faster they must disappear, but even light particles can hang around for very short periods of time. These particles are called virtual particles, because they normally can't be directly detected - you might say they

83. ChemTeam: Bob's School Of Quantum Mechanics Nation crying for fully trained quantum mechanics. That's right, friend, the nationis crying for fully trained quantum mechanics. quantum mechanics eat steak. http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/Humor/Bob-School-Quantum-Mech.html

Do you have what it takes to become a QUANTUM MECHANIC? Not just anyone can be a quantum mechanic. It takes determination, drive, imagination and money. Most of all, money. Bob is putting a son through medical school. Nation crying for fully trained QUANTUM MECHANICS. That's right, friend, the nation is crying for fully trained quantum mechanics. Can't you hear it? You can't? Well, be very still. Listen off in the distance. "Wahhh!" Hear that? That's the nation crying for fully trained quantum mechanics. QUANTUM MECHANICS eat steak. Yep, quantum mechanics make big bucks. Heavy bread. They're rolling in dough. They carry big wads of 10's and 20's in their pockets. A lot of MONEY. They drive Cadillacs and buy their wives minks. And they eat steak. NO RISK!! You get this professional cyclotron with your course and it's YOURS TO KEEP! This course teaches you all you need to know about quantum mechanics. There isn't a single thing about quantum mechanics left out. Wrong, electron breath! But it's close. We teach you a whole bunch of stuff. Mesatron balancing. Quark realignment. Neutrino lubrication. Proton tune-up. How to use a molecule wrench. You get professional equipment to learn with.

84. Spherical Harmonics Graphical presentation of spherical harmonics. (A spherical harmonic is a singlevalued, continuous, bounded, complex function that play an important role in quantum mechanics as the eigenfunctions of certain angular momentum operators.) http://www.uniovi.es/~quimica.fisica/qcg/harmonics/harmonics.html

The Spherical Harmonics Gallery Page is offered to you by the Quantum Chemistry Group Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo, Spain Real combinations of spherical harmonics. Click on each image to see a large rendering of the same plot, or try a different coloring scheme ml=0 l=0 l=1 l=2 l=3 The spherical harmonics A spherical harmonic , is a single-valued, continuous, bounded, complex function of the angular coordinates and . They play an important role in quantum mechanics as the eigenfunctions of the angular momentum operators and . Alternatively, the spherical harmonics are a complete basis for the irreducible representations of the infinite rotations group Depicting the complex functions would require four dimensions. We can represent, however, the real combinations of spherical harmonics defined as: The creation of the images The images have been created using tessel , a program that reads in the analytical expressions that define a parametric surface and produces a quadrilateral or triangular mesh of it. The rendering of the surfaces has been done with POV-Ray 2.2

85. Metaphysic Of Space, Quantum Mechanics Home Page. Copyright (c) 1997, 2000 Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D. All Rights Reserved.Kantian quantum mechanics. Richard Feynman's quantum mechanics. http://www.friesian.com/space-2.htm

Note on the Metaphysic of Space When Thomas Young (1773-1829) showed that light created interference patterns and so could only consist of waves, and when James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) generalized this into the theory of electromagnetic radiation, both assumed the ontological principle that, since a wave was the deformation of a medium, there would have to be a medium for light or electromagnetic radiation. That was called the "luminiferous" (light bearing) "ether" ( aither , Aristotle's fifth element , of which the heavens consisted). Since the speed of a traveling wave is measured in the inertial frame of reference of its medium, this implies that the velocity of light occurs relative to the velocity of the ether. Ideas about the "ether wind" and how the velocity of the earth through the ether could be measured by measuring the velocity of light in different directions (which was the Michelson-Morley experiment) could then be inferred from this theory. There were, however, logical problems with the idea of the ether. Electromagnetic waves are transverse or shear waves, not like the longitudinal or pressure waves of sound. Transverse waves only exist in a

86. Mukul's Cosmos Graduate student at Stanford University. Includes research interests and publications, articles on relativity, quantum mechanics, and string theory http://uk.geocities.com/mukulagrawal78/index.html

WELCOME TO MY COSMOS Kindly Sign My Guestbook View Guestbook Hide Advertisements Suggestion for improving the site

87. Quantum Statistical Mechanics A set of lectures on FermiDirac, Bose-Einstein, and Photon distributions in quantum mechanics. http://www.phys.unm.edu/~duric/phy536/l4/node3.html

Next: Bose-Einstein Statistics Up: Thermodynamics Previous: Classical Statistical Mechanics Quantum Statistical Mechanics The transition to quantum mechanics requires that we recognize the discreteness of energy levels associated with individual particles. where , the total occupation number. The transformation from classical to quantum stat mech therefore requires: If we use the identity equation 60 becomes: where, If we now use the additional identity: we end up with: The above result places us in a better position to discuss Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics. Bose-Einstein Statistics Fermi-Dirac Statistics Photon Distribution Function Thermodynamic Equilibrium Neb Duric Thu Dec 19 09:31:05 MST 1996

88. Schroedinger: "The Present Situation In Quantum Mechanics" Original "Shrodinger's cat" paper (1935), translated to EnglishCategory Society Philosophy Quantum Reality and Locality......THE PRESENT SITUATION IN quantum mechanics A TRANSLATION OF SCHRÖDINGER'S CAT PARADOX PAPER . 2. Statistics of Model Variables in quantum mechanics. http://www.tu-harburg.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html

THE PRESENT SITUATION IN QUANTUM MECHANICS: Translator: John D. Trimmer This translation was originally published in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , 124, 323-38. [And then appeared as Section I.11 of Part I of Quantum Theory and Measurement (J.A. Wheeler and W.H. Zurek, eds., Princeton university Press, New Jersey 1983).] Contents Introductory Note 1. The Physics of Models 2. Statistics of Model Variables in Quantum Mechanics 3. Examples of Probability Predictions ... Notes Introductory Note in Die Naturwissenschaften . Earlier that same year there had appeared the Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen paper TRANSLATION The Physics of Models In the second half of the previous century there arose, from the great progress in kinetic theory of gases and in the mechanical theory of heat, an ideal of the exact description of nature that stands out as the reward of centuries-long search and the fulfillment of millennia-long hope, and that is called classical. These are its features. Of natural objects, whose observed behavior one might treat, one set sup a representation - based on the experimental data in one's possession but without handcuffing the intuitive imagination - that is worked out in all details exactly

89. Theory Of Analytical Space-Time A unified theory of quantum mechanics and relativity. Includes a derivation and article of the theory. http://www.tastphysics.com/

Welcome to the Site of Analytical Space-time! A new theory that fundamentally unifies and Quantum Mechanics in Chapter 2 English Best for IE5.X and 800*600 resolution Download PDF format in English only In case you can not access this website again or the webpages show too slowly, please try the following sites instead: http:// www.tastphysics.com In China http://cuisilong.itgo.com In USA visits since June 16, 1999

90. Bohm, Bell, And Boom! Quantum Mechanics And The End Of Modern Dualism Notes on David Peat, Einstein's Moon Bell's Theorem and the Curious Quest for Quantum RealityCategory Society Philosophy Quantum Reality and Locality...... positivist dualisms which separate physics and philosophy the emergenceof quantum mechanics forces physicists to be become philosophers again. http://www.drury.edu/ess/philsci/bell.html

Notes on David Peat, Einstein's Moon: Bell's Theorem and the Curious Quest for Quantum Reality History and Philosophy of Science - Fall, 1997 - Dr. Ess Outline: "Bohm, Bell - and Boom! The End of Modern Dualism" The End of Cartesian Dualism: Physics (re)discovers Philosophy over against Cartesian and especially 19th ct. positivist dualisms which separate physics and philosophy - the emergence of quantum mechanics forces physicists to be become philosophers again. Indeed, the logic of complementarity which q.m. requires ripples into a larger (re)turn to complementary relationships between physics, philosophy, and religion. (In other terms: Cartesian dualism defines both 19th ct. positivism and fundamentalism as "mirror images" of one another: each agree that only one mode of knowing can be true - and the alternative mode(s) must be false: Positivism Fundamentalism ("calculative") reason (= natural science) "religion" "religion" reason/science The end of Cartesian dualism thus undermines the dualistic epistemologies of both positivism and fundamentalism.)

91. What Is Chaos? An Interactive Online Course For Everyone A 5part interactive and nontechnical introduction to chaos physics and chaotic motion in classical and quantum mechanics. http://order.ph.utexas.edu/chaos/

Verson 2.0 August 14 1998 by Dr. Matthew A. Trump Ilya Prigogine Center for Studies in Statistical Mechanics and Complex Systems Univ. of Texas at Austin ... More About Chaos What is Chaos? a five-part online course for everyone Introduction: Start Here Lesson One: The Philosophy of Determinism Lesson Two: ... Manifestations of Chaos

92. Quantum Mechanics quantum mechanics. Visual quantum mechanics Kansas State Univ. . MIT QuantumPhysics Part I Part II quantum mechanics Demos MPEG movies. http://physics.hallym.ac.kr/education/quantum.html

Quantum Mechanics Visual Quantum Mechanics [ Kansas State Univ. ] MIT Quantum Physics Part I Part II Quantum Mechanics Demos : MPEG movies Quantum Mechanics : Univ. of Houston Quantum Mechanical Wave Packet Scattering in One-Dimension : QuickTime Movies Quantum Mechanical Scattering Quantum Atomic Tunneling : Cornell Univ. Some Basic Ideas about Quantum Mechanics

93. Many-Worlds Quantum Theory in 1957, Hugh Everett III proposed a radical new way of dealing with some of the more perplexing aspects of quantum mechanics. http://www.innerx.net/personal/tsmith/ManyWorlds.html

Tony Smith's Home Page Many-Worlds Quantum Theory What Does Many-Worlds Mean? Born Rule Experimental Support for Many-Worlds ... Sum-Over-Histories and the MacroSpace of the Many-Worlds Many-Worlds Physics was proposed by Hugh Everett Here and here are two web pages with a Many-Worlds FAQ and here is a Many-Worlds web page The natural Clifford algebra structure of the D4-D5-E6-E7-E8 VoDou Physics model produces a Many-Worlds Quantum Theory The Discrete HyperDiamond Generalized Feynman Checkerboard and Continuous Manifolds are related by Quantum Superposition: Elements of a Discrete Clifford algebra correspond to Basis Elements of a Real Clifford algebra General Elements of a Real Clifford algebra correspond to Superpositions of Basis Elements = Elements of the underlying Discrete Clifford algebra Volumes of Spaces of Superpositions of some given Sets of Basis Elements correspond to Mass or Charge of Particles or Forces represented by those Basis Elements. Volumes of Spaces of Superpositions of other given Sets of Basis Elements correspond to Volume of Physical SpaceTime and Volume of Internal Symmetry Space represented by those Basis Elements.

94. ThinkQuest Library Of Entries The Feynman Lectures on Physics. AddisonWesley, Reading, Massachusetts 1965.Vol. 3 quantum mechanics. Gribbin, John. In Search of Schrödinger's Cat. http://library.thinkquest.org/3487/qp.html

Welcome to the ThinkQuest Internet Challenge of Entries The web site you have requested, Quantum Physics , is one of over 4000 student created entries in our Library. Before using our Library, please be sure that you have read and agreed to our To learn more about ThinkQuest. You can browse other ThinkQuest Library Entries To proceed to Quantum Physics click here Back to the Previous Page The Site you have Requested ... Quantum Physics click here to view this site A ThinkQuest Internet Challenge 1996 Entry Click image for the Site Languages : Site Desciption Quantum physics can be quite the subject of debate in the world of physics. It is a branch of science that describes the nature of the universe as being very different then the world we can see. This site attempts to simplify the very complex idea of the Quantum Theory that theorizes that the universe is made up of discrete, indivisible units of inherently random energy called quanta. Go for it. Students Matthew Winchester-Thurston PA, United States Jim Winchester-Thurston PA, United States

95. Visual Quantum Mechanics: Modified Visual quantum mechanics. Prepared for Contemporary Physics by Dean Zollman,Wally Axmann, Bob Grabhorn, Carol Regehr, and Paul Donovan http://www.nhn.ou.edu/reuhome/vizqm/

Visual Quantum Mechanics Prepared for Contemporary Physics by Dean Zollman, Wally Axmann, Bob Grabhorn, Carol Regehr, and Paul Donovan Spring, 1994 From Kansas State University: http://bluegiant.phys.ksu.edu/dvi/vqm/vqm.html TABLE OF CONTENTS Wavelength-Momentum Relation Wave Functions Probability Basics Potential and Kinetic Energy Diagrams Large Objects ... Glossary From Kansas State University This verson rearranged somewhat (to include images inline) by Maureen O'Halloran, ohalloran@mail.nhn.ou.edu . Any added mistakes are mine.

96. Path Integral Approach To Quantum Mechanics An intuitive description of Feynman's version of quantum mechanics written in poetic language. http://www.jupiterscientific.org/science/baeparts/qm2345.html

97. Creation And Quantum Mechanics CREATION AND quantum mechanics IMPACT No. 305 November 1998 by Don B. DeYoung,Ph. Background. December 14, 1900, is called the birthday of quantum mechanics. http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-305.htm

Institute for Creation Research A Christ-Focused Creation Ministry "For in six days the Lord made the heaven and the earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day..." Exodus 20:11 Main Menu Online Store About ICR Back to Genesis Days of Praise ... Tracts ICR Network Grad School ICR Adventures Jonathan Park RSAC Rated ... Donate CREATION AND QUANTUM MECHANICS - IMPACT No. 305 November 1998 by Don B. DeYoung , Ph. D.* Institute for Creation Research. All Rights Reserved Background Four Traditional Quantum Concepts Max Planck (1858-1947) German scientist, founder of quantum mechanics. Max Planck showed that the energy content of an object cannot be any arbitrary amount. Instead, energy occurs only in small discrete bundles called quanta . Increasing energy must not be pictured as a smooth ramp, but instead as a stairway (figure 1). Quantum effects only become apparent on the small scale of atomic particles. For larger objects, such as a person, the individual energy steps are extremely small and unnoticeable. Otherwise we might find ourselves living in a bizarre quantum world where everything happened in jumps, as with a blinking strobe light. The second well-known concept is that light and matter show both wave and particle behavior. The light meter of a camera illustrates the particle nature of light. In this device, incident light photons collide with electrons, somewhat like marbles, and produce an electric current which indicates the light intensity. Likewise, the wave nature of electrons is used to produce magnified images in an electron microscope. As with energy quantization, the wave nature of larger objects is not noticeable.

98. Homepage Collaboration Bohmian Mechanics Recent work on Bohmian mechanics, the formulation of quantum mechanics proposed in 1952 by David Bohm. http://www.mathematik.uni-muenchen.de/~bohmmech/BohmHome/bmstartE.htm

99. Quantum Mechanics, 1925-1927: The Quantum Mechanic The present paper seeks to establish a basis for theoretical quantum mechanics foundedexclusively upon relationships between quantities which in principle are http://www.aip.org/history/heisenberg/p07.htm

Heisenberg, wearing a tuxedo for the wedding of one of his youth movement comrades in the late 1920s. T he leading theory of the atom when Heisenberg entered the University of Munich in 1920 was the quantum theory of Bohr, Sommerfeld, and their co-workers. Although the theory had been highly successful in certain situations, during the early 1920s three areas of research indicated that this theory was inadequate and would need to be replaced. These areas included the study of light emitted and absorbed by atoms (spectroscopy); the predicted properties of atoms and molecules; and the nature of light itselfdid it act like waves or like a stream of particles? D uring his work in Munich, All of my meagre efforts go toward killing off and suitably replacing the concept of the orbital path which one cannot observe. Heisenberg, letter to Pauli, 1925 Heisenberg's paper on quantum mechanics. Click here to enlarge. H eisenberg set himself the task well documented by historians. Since the electron orbits in atoms could not be observed, Heisenberg tried to develop a quantum mechanics without them. He relied instead on what can be observed, namely the light emitted and absorbed by the atoms. By July 1925 Heisenberg had an answer, but the mathematics was so unfamiliar that he was not sure if it made any sense. Heisenberg handed a paper on the derivation to his mentor, Max Born, before leaving on a month-long lecture trip to Holland and England and a camping trip to Scandinavia with his youth-movement group. After puzzling over the derivation, Born finally recognized that the unfamiliar mathematics was related to the mathematics of arrays of numbers known as "matrices." Born sent Heisenberg's paper off for publication. It was the

100. Volodymyr V. Krasnoholovets Professor at the National Academy of Science, Kyiv. Contains description research in conventional, applied and fundamental physics. Also deals with the submicroscopic construction of nature, quantum mechanics is combined with gravity. http://inerton.narod.ru/

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