61. Current Research Projects The University of The West Indies. mycorrhizae Research Group. Recently, interesthas been developed on the fungal symbionts involved in orchid mycorrhizae. http://users.sunbeach.net/users/lec/curres.html

The University of The West Indies Mycorrhizae Research Group Current Research Projects Page under construction An assessment of the VA mycorrhizal potential of some Barbadian soils Agriculture in Barbados takes place on a wide range of soil types. Samples of soil were collected and each divided into three subsamples. Two sets of subsamples were placed in flower pots and non-mycorrhizal bean, pepper and corn plants transplanted into one set. The second set was planted with corn seeds. The phytometers were harvested at one week intervals and their roots assessed for VAM fungal colonisation. The remaining subsamples were wet-seived to determine spore populations. Results from this project were presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society in Honduras, 7-13 July 1996 and at the First International Conference on Mycorrhizae, University of California at Berkeley, 4-9 August 1996. ( Abstract at the ICOM 1 site Effects of insecticides on VA mycorrhizas of corn and Gigasporaceae A recent student project showed that insecticides can have a negative effect on plant growth. This may be a direct effect or it could involve interaction between the insecticides and mycorrhizal fungi.

62. Benefits Of Mycorrhizae mycorrhizae appear to be essential for most if not all tree species. mycorrhizaehave been shown to Benefits of mycorrhizae. VA, Ecto, Ericoid. Pi uptake, +, +,+. http://treebiol.forest.wisc.edu/forestry415/TreeStructure/symbioses/treeBenes.ht

Mycorrhizae appear to be essential for most if not all tree species. Mycorrhizae have been shown to: enhance growth and survival of tree seedlings ameliorate soil-borne toxicity increase resistance of trees to fungal pathogens Mycorrhizae link individuals of one or more species together in a physiological network Interestingly, the benefits of mycorrhizae differ somewhat among mycorrhizal types; the differences are summarized in the table below: Benefits of Mycorrhizae VA Ecto Ericoid Pi uptake Ni uptake uptake (Lacks enzymes) Disease resistance Water uptake (Lacks hyphae) Other nutrients Protection from elemental toxicity There is a " cost " of this symbiosis (or a benefit from the fungal point of view). Home Page Mycorrhizal Types Index

63. FAQ's On Mycorrhizae orchards, and mine reclamation. 3. Is there mycorrhizae in the plantsthat I buy at the nursery? Probably not. Even if there was http://66.155.28.174/FAQ's_on_Mycorrhizae.htm

Technology Based * Service Lead * Customer Driven FAQ's on Mycorrhiza Support and Service Technical Issue DIEHARD™ Mycorrhizal Inoculants What is mycorrhizae? Where can the introduction of mycorrhizal fungi with roots have the greatest effect? ... 9. What differences are there between commercial suppliers available? What is mycorrhiza? Mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship between a natural fungus and roots. Scientist tell us that the relationship has been around for 400 million years although discovered only 100 years ago by a scientist in Germany. Where can the introduction of mycorrhizal fungi with roots have the greatest effect? In disturbed soils, the kinds found in landscape projects, restoration, new grove/orchards, and mine reclamation. Is there mycorrhizae in the plants that I buy at the nursery? Probably not. Even if there was a mycorrhizal fungi present in nursery stock the species that would thrive in a nursery setting would probably offer little benefit in a real world landscape, restoration, or forestry planting. What about field grown plant materials - would they have beneficial mycorrhizal fungi associated with the roots?

64. Plant Species And Type Of Mycorrhizae PLANT SPECIE BY mycorrhizae TYPE. DIEHARD Mycorrhizal Inoculants Plant SpecieBy mycorrhizae Type. Endomycorrhiza Associates With These Species. http://66.155.28.174/Plant_Species_and_Type_of_Mycorrhizae .htm

Technology Based * Service Lead * Customer Driven PLANT SPECIE BY MYCORRHIZAE TYPE DIEHARD Mycorrhizal Inoculants Endomycorrhiza Associates With These Species Acacia Casuarina Fern Locust Passion Fruit Serviceberry Agapanthus Cassava Fescue London Paulownia Sequoia Ailanthus Catalpa Fig Planetree Paw Paw Silverbell Alder Ceanothus Forsythia Magnolia Pea Sourwood Alfalfa Cedar Fountain Grass Mahogany Peach Soybean Almond Celery Fuchsia Mahonia Peanut Squash Apple Cherry Gardenia Mango Pear Strawberry Apricot Chokeberry Garlic Maples (all) Pecan Sudan Grass Artichoke Chrysanthemum Geranium Marigold Pepper Sugar Cane Ash Citrus (all) Gingko Melons (all) Pistachio Sumac Asparagus Clover Grapes (all) Mesquite Persimmon Sunflower Avocado Coconut Grass (all) Millet Pittosporum Sweetgum Bamboo Coffee Gum Mimosa Plum Sweet potato Basil Coral Tree Hackberry Morning Poinsettia Sycamore Bayberry Corn Hawthorn Glory Potato Tea Bean Cotton Hibiscus Mulberry Poplar Tobacco Begonia Cottonwood Holly Monkey Raintree Tomato Black Locust Crabapple Hophornbeam Pod Raphiolepis Tree-of-heaven Blackberry Cryptomeria Hombeam Nasturtium Raspberry Tupelo Box Elder Cucumber Horsechestnut Okra Redbud Walnut Buckeye Currant Impatiens Olive Redwood Wheat Bulbs Cypress Jojoba Onion Rice Willow Burning Bush Dogwood Juniper Pacific Yew Rose Yam Cacao Eggplant Kiwi Palms (all) Russian Olive Yellow poplar Cactus Elm Leek Palmetto Ryegrass Yucca Camellia Eucalyptus Lettuce Pampas Grass Sassafras Carrot Euonymus Lily Papaya Sagebrush

65. The Ecology Of Mycorrhizae - Cambridge University Press Home Catalogue The Ecology of mycorrhizae. Related Areas BiologicalSciences. The Ecology of mycorrhizae. Michael F. Allen. £16.95. http://books.cambridge.org/0521335531.htm

Home Catalogue Related Areas: Biological Sciences Cambridge Studies in Ecology New titles Email For updates on new titles in: Biological Sciences The Ecology of Mycorrhizae Michael F. Allen Hardback Temporarily unavailable - no date available Contents List of figures; Preface; 1. Introduction; 2. Structure-functioning relationships; 3. Evolution; 4. Physiological and population biology; 5. Community ecology; 6. Ecosystem dynamics; 7. Mycorrhizae and succession; 8. Future directions for mycorrhizal research; References; Index. Cambridge University Press 2001. Security Order by phone (+44 (0)1223 326050) or fax (+44 (0)1223 326111).

66. Evolution Of Mycorrhizae. Research Branch Publications. Evolution of mycorrhizae. Citation Berch, SM,OK Miller, Jr., and HD Thiers. 1985. Evolution of mycorrhizae. In Proc. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/research/pubs/pubs/0982.htm

67. What Are Mycorrhizae? What are mycorrhizae? They are a cooperative relationship between a plant's rootand fungus. Performs function of plant root hairs. Benefits of mycorrhizae. http://www.ucfv.bc.ca/biology/biol210/1999/Mutualism/Mycorr.htm

What are Mycorrhizae? They are a cooperative relationship between a plant's root and fungus. A relationship with a FUNGUS? Would you like to snuggle up to a bread mould or a mushroom? Although this may sound awful, both partners actually benefit. In fact, 90% of all plants form mycorrhizae; this is a type mutualism. Although there are many types of mycorrhizae, trees of the Coastal Western Hemlock zone are primarily affected by ectomycorrhizae, which form a sheath over the root that is visible to the naked eye. Ectomycorrhizae Although many types of mycorrhiza produce no visible evidence of their existence, ectomycorrhizae produce mushrooms at the surface which are actually the fruiting bodies of the fungi Basidiomycota or Ascomycota. What distinguishes ectomycorrhizae from endomycorrhizae is that its hyphae (tiny branches of the fungal network) enter the plant's root but do not pierce its cells. Instead, the mycelial network grows around the cells, and nutrients are transported between plant root and fungus across the cell membranes. (Mycologue Publications 1998) The fungus is made of of three main parts: Hartig Net : Exchange network inside the plant root Mantle : Visible portion. Dense network of hyphae that forms a protective sheath around the root. Functions in nutrient storage. Can be either black or brightly coloured.

68. Mycorrhizae Fact Sheet 0129. mycorrhizae (Myco = fungus Rhiza = root) Angela M. O’Callaghan,Ph.D. Southern Area Social Horticulture Specialist. What are mycorrhizae? http://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/FS01/FS0129.htm

Fact Sheet 01-29 MYCORRHIZAE (Myco = fungus Rhiza = root) Angela M. O’Callaghan, Ph.D. Southern Area Social Horticulture Specialist When plants live in challenging locations, they often develop mechanisms to help them survive. These include morphological characteristics such as thickened, small or narrow leaves to reduce water loss, slowing the plant's growth rate, or developing a tolerance for high salts and low levels of nutrients. One important set of survival mechanisms involves creating mutually beneficial (symbiotic) relationships between plant roots and soil-borne organisms such as bacteria and fungi. What are mycorrhizae? The associations between roots and fungi are called mycorrhizae. These symbiotic arrangements have been found in about 90% of all land plants, and have been around for approximately 400 million years. Plant roots are hospitable sites for the fungi to anchor and produce their threads (hyphae). The roots provide essential nutrients for the growth of the fungi. In return, the large mass of fungal hyphae acts as a virtual root system for the plants, increasing the amount of water and nutrients that the plant may obtain from the surrounding soil. A plant that forms an association benefiting both the fungus and the plant is a "host." Large numbers of native desert plants are hosts to these fungi and would not survive without them.

69. Mycorrhizae In Sustainable Agriculture mycorrhizae in Sustainable Agriculture. The contents explore the importance ofmycorrhizae, not only to plants, but to the soil and its sustainability. http://www.forages.css.orst.edu/Resources/Media/Publications/Jenny/books256.html

Mycorrhizae in Sustainable Agriculture The contents explore the importance of mycorrhizae, not only to plants, but to the soil and its sustainability. The publication provides an excellent up-to-date discussion of mycorrhizae knowledge, how it can be used in sustainable systems, and points out the need for a better understanding of mycorrhizae. G.J. Bethenfalvay and R.G. Linderman, ed Softcover, 124 pages, 1992 CSSA, SSSA, and ASA ASA Special Publication Number 54 Price: $18.00 (members' first copy $15.00) ISBN: 0-89118-112-1 How to Order Please send requests with the title of the item you wish to order, the quantity, your society membership (if not a member, request information), and method of payment to: CSSA Headquarters Office Attn:Book Order Department 677 South Segoe Road Madison, WI 53711-1086 USA To order by Telephone: (608)273-8080 To order by fax, dial: (608)273-2021 To order by e-mail, books@agronomy.org To order by internet, http://www.crops.org/pubcat/

70. Benefits Of Mycorrhizae Dr. Ted's Chunky Style Mycobits The benefits of mycorrhizal inoculation TedSt. John, Ph.D. The main benefit is improved uptake of soil phosphorus. http://www.mycorrhiza.org/benefits.htm

Dr. Ted's Chunky Style Myco-bits The benefits of mycorrhizal inoculation Ted St. John, Ph.D. The main benefit is improved uptake of soil phosphorus. Because of better phosphorus nutrition, mycorrhizal plants can grow much more quickly than non-mycorrhizal plants. The experiments that show this growth response are done in controlled conditions, and it is unusual for a user in the field to see responses of the kind that are often shown in scientific (or advertising) photos. The user may see a gain of a few percent up to double or triple, depending on plant species, soil factors, fertilization, and whether they already may have native mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizas appear to have only a minimal effect on uptake of nitrogen, although ECM and ericoids may have some effect. Mycorrhizas do not fix nitrogen, but some people may confuse this symbiosis with the N-fixing symbiosis between legumes and bacteria of the genus Rhizobium. There are sometimes big effects of mycorrhizas on certain micronutrients, especially zinc and copper. Mycorrhizal plants are often more drought tolerant. This is a tricky point, since big mycorrhizal plants in pots use water much more quickly than little non-mycorrhizal plants in pots. However, it appears that it can be a very real effect in the ground. This is probably an indirect effect of phosphorus nutrition; plants fertilized with phosphorus show the same improvement. However, in natural conditions, mycorrhizal plants are certainly better suited to face dry conditions than non-mycorrhizal plants.

71. DLC-ME | The Microbe Zoo | Dirtland | Root Cellar | Mycorrhhizal Fungi | Mycorrh of roots. Because these mycorrhizae live inside root cells, they arecalled Endomycorrhizal fungi ( endo means inside). These http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/zdrm0188.html

Mycorrhizal "Little Trees" Click here to see a JPEG of this microbe. Kingdom: Fungi Scientific Name: Gigaspora rosea Image Courtesy of: Calderon, Francisco Image Width: 40 microns Image Technology: Light Microscopy These white bushy creatures are mycorrhizal fungi living inside the cells of roots. Because these mycorrhizae live inside root cells, they are called "Endomycorrhizal fungi" ("endo" means inside). These fungi form structures inside the cells of plant roots called "arbuscules" which means "little trees." The branches of these little trees are the site of interaction between the cell and the fungus. Communication Technology Laboratory Center for Microbial Ecology

72. Colin Lewis Bonsai: MYCORRHIZAE AND BONSAI HOME. mycorrhizae Nature's minute miracleworkers. But this is only part of the storyand there is a lot more to this miracle of nature. What are mycorrhizae? http://www.btinternet.com/~colinlewis.bonsai/Reading/Myco.html

Mycorrhizae Nature's minute miracle-workers C O N T E N T S Click on the link to jump to that section: What are mycorrhizae? Are Mycorrhizae species-specific? A closer look Benefits of Mycorrhizae ... Mycorrhiza inoculation IN RECENT YEARS we've read and heard a lot about the benefits of mycorrhiza in association with pines - how that tacky-looking white fluff can actually benefit the tree. But this is only part of the story and there is a lot more to this miracle of nature. What are Mycorrhizae? Before we go further, lets just examine exactly what we mean by mycorrhiza. The term mycorrhiza (plural mycorrhizae) is rather like the term "marriage". It describes an association, a relationship. If both parties to the relationship are compatible, and conditions suitable, they will both benefit. Otherwise the relationship is of no benefit to either and it ceases. One party to this relationship is your tree, the other is a microscopic beneficial fungus. The fungus forms a sheath-like structure at the root tips through which it passes to the tree various nutrients it has gathered from the soil in exchange for food the tree has produced through photosynthesis (remember, fungi are not able to produce their own food in this way).

73. Mycorrhizae Summary http://www.earthworksrestoration.com/id10.htm

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74. SOMA - Morel Mycorrhizae SOMA is an educational mushroom club in Santa Rosa, California. http://www.somamushrooms.org/Speakers/Volk/volk.html

75. SOMA - Morel Mycorrhizae The life cycle of the morel Are morels mycorrhizal? (A copy of the handoutfrom SOMA meeting 5/17/01) © 2001 Tom Volk Web Page TomVolkFungi.net. http://www.somamushrooms.org/Speakers/Volk/body_volk.html

The life cycle of the morel: Are morels mycorrhizal? (A copy of the handout from SOMA meeting 5/17/01) Tom Volk Web Page: TomVolkFungi.net Because of the consistent association of their fruiting bodies with elms and other trees in the midwest and with conifers in the Pacific Northwest it has long been suspected that the morel ( Morchella spp.) has a specific relationship, possibly mycorrhizal, with plant roots. After inoculating roots of surface sterilized seedlings of Ulmus species (elms), Malus sylvestris (apple), and Picea mariana (black spruce) with mycelium of two Morchella species, an ectomycorrhiza, with a typical mantle and Hartig Net was observed, with associated additional morphological changes. Translocation of a vital dye through Morchella hyphae across a barrier into plant roots was observed. These independent lines of evidence indicate that Morchella (phylum Ascomycota) can form ectomycorrhizae with elms and apple, tree species generally considered to form only endomycorrhizae with Zygomycota fungi. This research also proposes a novel survival strategy for mycorrhizal fungi, in which the fungus reproduces only when certain host trees are unhealthy or dead. These are grounds for reassessment of forest ecology, since these results strongly suggest that more fungi and plants than previously believed can form ectomycorrhizae. The Morchella ectomycorrhizal relationship appears to be part of the natural cycle and an important factor in forest ecosystems.

76. Www.konza.ksu.edu - /data_catalog/belowground/Mycorrhizae/ www.konza.ksu.edu /data_catalog/belowground/mycorrhizae/. To ParentDirectory Wednesday, February 20, 2002 917 AM 4672 BMS011 http://www.konza.ksu.edu/data_catalog/belowground/Mycorrhizae/

www.konza.ksu.edu - /data_catalog/belowground/Mycorrhizae/ [To Parent Directory] Wednesday, February 20, 2002 9:17 AM 4672 Thursday, September 06, 2001 8:36 AM 2752 BMS011.doc Community Indices Spore Density

77. Mycorrhizae - Tree Roots And Their Microbial Partners -- April 1997 In return, mycorrhizae aid the growth and development of their hosts.Plants with abundant mycorrhizae have much larger surface http://www.greenindustry.com/aa/1997/0497/497treeroots.html

By Donald H. Marx, Ph.D., and Rob McCartney In 1994, Sea World of Ohio in Cleveland opened one of the largest marine mammal exhibits in the Midwest. "Dolphin Cove" is a 325,000-gallon pool serving as home for the dolphins. Surrounding the pool is an extensive naturalistic environment that recreates the "look" of a New England landscape. Although the project was under construction for two years, arborists and horticulture crews had just 26 days to establish the entire landscape prior to the exhibit opening. In that short time, 137 large boulders, 181 belled and burlapped trees (with calipers of two to ten inches) and twice that number of shrubs, groundcovers, perennials and grasses were to be planted into man-made soil. Even with strict planting specifications, transplant losses were projected to reach 30 percent by year's end. Most problems associated with urban trees are caused by poor soils and dysfunctional root systems. Native trees, that grew as forest trees on the site prior to urbanization, often have dysfunctional root systems due to construction damage, construction debris in soil, reduced rooting volume, soil compaction, low volume of organic matter and fertility, adverse soil pH and competition from grass. Native and exotic plants planted after urban development face many of the same problems. Transplanted trees are at highest risk; they must rapidly develop functional roots into these stressed soils in order to survive and grow.

78. Native Plants - Use Of Mycorrhizae In Restoration Of Hawaiian Habitats Use of mycorrhizae in Restoration of Hawaiian Habitats JN Gemma and Whatbenefits result from using mycorrhizae? In native soils http://www.hawaii.edu/scb/scinativ_mycor.html

Use of Mycorrhizae in Restoration of Hawaiian Habitats J. N. Gemma and R. E. Koske, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 What benefits result from using mycorrhizae? In native soils, most plants form mycorrhizae as an adaptation to the low fertility conditions found in the majority of natural ecosystems. The underground network of fungal filaments increases the volume of soil to which the plant root has access. Water and nutrients, particularly phosphorus, from the soil become easily available, resulting in an increase in survival and growth rates. Survival rates can be five or more times greater than that of plants grown without mycorrhizae. Growth rates can be increased by more than tenfold over control plants grown without AM. Mycorrhizal plants also are more resistant to such environmental stresses as drought, cold, salinity, as well as root diseases and certain pathogens. Why are mycorrhizal fungi important in habitat restoration? Native ecosystem restoration efforts often occur on disturbed or barren sites of low-fertility. Disturbance can disrupt and even eliminate the underground network of fungal filaments, and barren sites lack the fungi entirely. Absence or disruption of the underground fungal network eliminates or greatly reduces the likelihood that transplanted native species will form mycorrhizal associations. Transplanting AM-inoculated species to such sites not only benefits the individual plant but, more importantly, may result in the development of an underground fungal network that later will allow natural regeneration of native plant seedlings.

79. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae - Angiosperm Click here to view site photos. Arbuscular mycorrhizae Angiosperm. Sugar Maple- Acer saccharum Marsh. 1,2,3 control. Arbuscular mycorrhizae - Gymnosperm. http://sevilleta.unm.edu/research/crosssite/carbon/Site_Information.htm

NSF CROSS-SITE INFORMATION Click here to view site photos Arbuscular Mycorrhizae - Angiosperm Sugar Maple - Acer saccharum Marsh. Michigan Plots 1,3,6 fertilized (all fertilized plots receive 100 kgN/ha/yr) 2,4,5 control Tulip Poplar - Liriodendron tulipifera Coweeta LTER just over North Carolina Border Plots 4,5,6 fertilized 1,2,3 control Arbuscular Mycorrhizae - Gymnosperm Juniper - Juniperus monosperma [Engelm.] Sarg. Sevilleta, New Mexico Plots 1,3,5 fertilized 2,4,6 control Ectomycorrhizae - Angiosperm Red Oak - Quercus rubra L. BF Grant site 1 hr. from Athens (Piedmont) Plots 6,10,13 fertilized 5,11,12 control Balsam Poplar - Populus balsamifera Nutt. Alaska as much as BP1 or BP2 Ectomycorrhizae - Gymnosperm Red Pine - Pinus resinosa Ait. Michigan Plots 2,4,6 fertilized 1,3,5 control White Spruce - Picea glauca (Moench )Voss. Alaska Pinyon Pine - Pinus edulis Engelm. Sevilleta, New Mexico Plots 1,3,5 fertilized Slash Pine Florida Plots - 3 sets of paired plots 1a. Burn - 1 (near access road) burned from wildfire Spring 1998 1b. Burn - 2 (farther from access road) burned from wildfire Spring 1998

80. Mycorrhizae mycorrhizae. Top Science Biology Mycology mycorrhizae 1, A PracticalIntroduction to Mycorrhiza. 2, Above Grounder's Introduction to mycorrhizae. http://www.ad.com/Science/Biology/Mycology/Mycorrhizae/

search Top A Practical Introduction to Mycorrhiza Discusses types of mycorrhizas, their role in seed germination and other higher-plant processes, plants that form mycorrhizas, and benefits. Category: Science > Biology > Mycology > Mycorrhizae http://www.mycorrhiza.org/ Above Grounder's Introduction to Mycorrhizae Topics include the benefits of mycorrhizae to the plant and uses in habitat restoration, revegetation, and agriculture. Category: Science > Biology > Mycology > Mycorrhizae http://mycorrhiza.com/mycojava/index.htm Application and Research of Mycorrhizal Fungi at the Institute for Plant Cultivation in vitro propagation and cultivation of precious plants as well as improving plant production through symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia are our areas of expertise Category: Science > Biology > Mycology > Mycorrhizae http://mykorrhiza.de/index_e.html EndoNet News and information about mycorrhizae and mycorrhizal methods in ecological restoration. Sells mycorrhizal materials for use in restoration. Category: Science > Biology > Mycology > Mycorrhizae http://www.mycorrhiza.cc/

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