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         Cave Geology:     more books (100)
  1. Caves by Tony Waltham, 1974
  2. The geology and physiography of the Mammoth Cave national park, (Kentucky. Geological survey. Ser. VI. Pamphlet XXI) by A. K Lobeck, 1928
  3. Without Rival: The Story of the Wonderful Cave of the Winds by Richard J Rhinehart, David Harris, et all 2000-06-26
  4. Caves of New Jersey (New Jersey. Geological Survey. Bulletin 70) by Richard F Dalton, 1976
  5. Geological Guide to Mammoth Cave National Park (Speleologia) by Arthur N. Palmer, 1979-04
  6. Gems of the Golden State: The Best Caves to Visit in California by Ann Bosted, Peter Bosted, 2003-12
  7. Caves and Speleology in Bulgaria by Petar Beron, Trifon Daaliev, et all 2006-11-30
  8. Awesome Caverns of Marble in the Oregon Caves National Monuement: Documentary by Bert Webber, Margie Webber, 1998-04
  9. Wilderness resources in Mammoth Cave National Park;: A regional approach (A Cave Research Foundation study) by Joseph K Davidson, 1971
  10. Archaeo-Geology of Jaguar Cave, Upper Birch Creek Valley, Idaho (REPRINTed from Volume 17, No. 2, 1975, TEBIWA, the Journal of the Idaho State University Museum, Pocatello, Idaho) by Jr. Wakefield Dort, 1975
  11. Geology of the Azores: Caves of the Azores, Algar Do Carvão, Furna de Água, Natal Caves, Galerias Da Feteira
  12. Natural stone bridge and caves;: Fascinating geology, history & legends by Brian B Turner, 1973
  13. Geology of the Mammoth Cave Quadrangle Kentucky by Donald D. Haynes, 1964
  14. Geology of Israel: Caves of Israel, Zedekiah's Cave, Qesem Cave, Hezekiah Tunnel, Ramat Hanadiv, Warren's Shaft, Rosh Hanikra Grottoes

41. Magura Cave
Dedicated to one of the biggest caves in the country, site includes its geology, history, virtual tour, other caves in the region, and guestbook.
http://www.magura.hit.bg

42. Geology Of Russell Cave National Monument
Includes article, maps, pictures, and teaching resources.
http://www.aqd.nps.gov/grd/parks/ruca/
Russell Cave
National Monument
Alabama

Thousands of years ago nomadic bands of Indians, hunting in the vicinity, stumbled upon Russell Cave in the hill country of northern Alabama. We know little about them except that they were few in number, probably less than 15 or 20, and that the only durable possessions they carried with them were a handful of chipped flint points with which they tipped their short hunting spears. These few possessions were found 12 feet below the present floor of the cave. This evidence, supported by charcoal from their campfires, tells us that about 9,000 years ago, long before the rise of the first true civilizations of Egypt and the Near East, these Archaic Period Indians first began to occupy Russell Cave. They lived there only during the autumn and winter seasons, maintaining their primitive existence by hunting game and gathering wild plants. Agriculture was probably known, but little used by the Indians of the Archaic Period. The cave was a great boon to these Indians because it provided ready protection from the elements. This freed them from the need to build a shelter in the forest and gave them more time to find food. Successive bands of hunters with their women and children took shelter in this cave until A.D. 1000. The records of their seasonal occupations, including several burials of adults and children, have been uncovered by archeological digs. The charcoal from their fires, the bones of the animals they ate, the tools they fashioned from animal bones, their spear and arrow points, and their broken pottery had accumulated layer upon layer as the years, the thousands of years, passed.

43. In The Cave - Geology Tour - Navassa Island: A Photographic Tour - U.S. Geologic
geology Photo Index. karst, lower terrace terrace slope sea cliffs sea cliffs bouldersboulders cliff face cliff face detail caves Vertical cave cave entrance
http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/navassa/geology/caves6.html
Navassa Island: A Photographic Tour Navassa Island Home Explore Navassa take a Tour: geology biology history or Explore: fly sail hike scuba
Navassa Location Map Explore Navassa - Geology Caves - South Point - In the Cave previous photo next photo
Don's Cave, freshwater location east of Lulu Bay. [large version: Geology - Photo Index Sea Floor
sea floor

sea floor

sculpted rock

irregular floor
...
eroded boulder

Terraces
rock terrace

upper terrace

upper terrace
terraces ... cliff face detail Caves Vertical Cave cave entrance climbing down Vertical Cave vertical cave Cliff Cave down the cliff cave entrance in the cave cave wall cave water cave pool Undersea Cave submarine cave Phosphate phosphate sand oolites fractured rock phosphorite ... speleothems Fossil Corals fossil coral fossil coral fossil coral fossil coral Erosion eroded coast solution hole solution holes Coastal and Marine Geology Program ... Geology Tour
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/navassa/geology/caves6.html

44. Maui Adventure Tours - Maui Cave Adventures. Expore Maui Underground. Hike Under
Guided geology hiking tours led through the 18th largest lava tube in the world, Ka`eleku Caverns in HanaMaui.
http://www.mauicave.com/
COME HIKE WITH US!
RAIN OR SHINE
Caving Attire for ALL Hikes: Closed toe shoes, long pants, and t-shirt We also suggest jeans and hiking boots The longer the hike, the more the chance of getting dirty! Caving Gear: We supply all the gear; hardhats, gloves, and flashlights on all tours. Hip-packs with purified water and snacks are provided on our 2 hour tour.
Click here to order
our exclusive Dive Guide
Home
Photos Links Quotes ... Reservations

Explore Maui Underground

at
KA`ELEKU CAVERNS
Hana, Maui, Hawaii
A GEOLOGY LESSON YOU'LL NEVER FORGET! Come Hike With Us We offer 2 exciting eco-adventures! Click on your selection below Hike with experienced guides deep into the subterranean passages of one of the world's largest lava tubes. Witness this ancient cavern system that was created from hot molten lava flowing thousands of years ago! Advanced reservations are highly recommended.

45. General Information
Photographs of excavation and art with summaries. Talgua Village is located north of the aldea of Talgua, northeast of Catacamas, Department of Olancho, Republic of Honduras.
http://www.geology.utoledo.edu/research/latin-am/cave.shtml
General Information
Facilities

Research

Prospective Students
...
Other Links

2801 West Bancroft Street, MS #604
Toledo, Ohio
43606-3390, USA
Tel: 419-530-2009
Fax: 419-530-4421
E-mail: eees@utnet.utoledo.edu
2003 Science Day
2003 Summer Camp for High School Students (coming soon) NSF Research Experience for Undergraduates 2003 Summer Program Environmental Research and Education at the University of Toledo To UT Home Page This site was last edited on February 06, 2003

46. National Park Service - Geology Of Mammoth Cave National Park
Browse maps, photographs, and other details describing the geological formation of this mammoth system of caves.
http://www.aqd.nps.gov/grd/parks/maca
Mammoth Cave
National Park
Kentucky

Geology of Mammoth Cave
(from Mammoth Cave NP home page) top of page
top of page
If you have comments or would like more information, please contact parkgeology@den.nps.gov
National Park Service, Geologic Resources Division
Last Updated January 6, 1998 by Tim_Connors@nps.gov
grd/parks/maca/index.htm

You are visitor number since January 6, 1998

47. Hidden River Cave - Geology / Hydrology Page
geology / Hydrology. Courtesy of The Thomas Family. Hidden River cave is locatedin Hart County, Kentucky, home to some of the longest caves in the world.
http://www.cavern.org/ACCA/HRC_geology.htm
"Horse" Cave Town History Cave History Geology / Hydrology Geology / Hydrology
Courtesy of: The Thomas Family Hidden River Cave is located in Hart County, Kentucky, home to some of the longest caves in the world. The Green River flows through the middle of Hart County and drains most of the surrounding countryside. Most of the rainwater that falls here flows underground through sinkholes and caves and into the Green River by way of springs. Five of the ten largest springs in Kentucky are in Hart County. The water in Hidden River Cave, however, flows into the Green River through the largest spring in Kentucky. The river that can be seen on the cave tour at Hidden River Cave follows winding cave passages for many miles before it finally flows into the Green River and reenters the daylight world. Caves form in a terrain known as "karst". Approximately 40% of Kentucky is composed of karst. Karst areas are characterized by natural features such as caves, sinkholes, sinking streams, underground streams and other solutional features. Rocks such as limestone, dolomite, gypsum or marble underlie most karstlands. These rocks are called solutional rocks because they can be dissolved by acidic rainwater to form caves. Fossil shell fragments found in limestone are evidence that the rock was formed by the accumulation of layer upon layer of sediment on a shallow sea floor. These seas covered most of Kentucky more than 300 million years ago. The accumulated layers of sediment eventually hardened to form the underlying bedrock. Eventually, the sea receded and the land uplifted allowing the downward flow of rainwater to begin dissolving the bedrock to form caves. Kentucky's groundwater has been constantly at work dissolving limestone for millions of years.

48. Nature & Science In Pennsylvania
Kutztown, Crystal cave, geology, Lancaster, Children's Museum of Lancaster, Kids, Williamsport,Children's Discovery Workshop, Kids, Woodward, Woodward cave, geology,
http://members.aol.com/darwinpage/museums/PA.htm
Destinations to Visit in North America
Museums - Parks - Aquaria - Gardens - Refuges AL AK AZ AR ... Nationwide Lists and Web Museums Pennsylvania All Pennsylvania Birding in Pennsylvania Wildlife All Pennsylvania Fossil Collecting Guide for State - .pdf file Geology Paleo All Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Birding Hotspots Wildlife All Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographic and Geological Survey Geology All Pennsylvania Pennsylvania State Forests Wildlife Botany All Pennsylvania Pennsylvania State Parks Guide Wildlife Botany All Pennsylvania Pennsylvania's Trail of Geology - .pdf file Geology Paleo All Pennsylvania The Nature Conservancy Preserves Wildlife Botany Bethlehem Discovery Center of Science and Technology Kids Bristol Bristol Marsh Preserve Wildlife Botany Bristol Silver Lake Nature Center Ecology Wildlife Botany Bryn Mawr American College - Arboretum Botany Bushkill Township Graver Arboretum of Muhlenberg College Botany Carlisle Kings Gap Environmental Education Center Ecology Wildlife Center Hall Penn's Cave All-water Cavern Geology Chadds Ford Brandywine River Museum Wildflower Gardens Botany Devon Jenkins Arboretum Botany Doylestown Henry Schmieder Arboretum Botany Doylestown Peace Valley Nature Center Ecology Botany Wildlife Easton Crayola Factory Kids SciTech Easton National Canal Museum SciTech Erie Erie Maritime Museum SciTech Erie Experience Childrens Museum Kids Farmington Laurel Caverns Geology Guy Mills Erie National Wildlife Refuge Wildlife Harrisburg Whitaker Center for Science and the Arts Kids Hellertown Lost River Caverns Geology Hershey Hershey Gardens Botany

49. Group 1 Student Project
geology of Gardner cave. cave map (select to zoom in) cave map (selectto zoom in). Gardner cave is the second longest limestone cave
http://www.scc.spokane.cc.wa.us/ABuddington/g210spr02/g1/geology.htm
Crawford State Park and Gardner Cave
Introduction Location Cave Geology Geologic History ...
Andy Buddington's site
Geology of Gardner Cave
cave map (select to zoom in) Gardner Cave is the second longest limestone cave in the State of Washington (povn.1999). It is believed that North America was covered by an ocean approximately 500 million years ago. Calcium carbonate sediment formed on the sea floor and hardened into limestone rock. This rock is now called the Metaline Limestone (Babcock and Carson, 2000). The cave remains at a constant 40 to 41 degrees F and has around 90% humidity. It is requested to not touch the cave walls because it will stop the growth of the calcite and change its color to a dull gray. Throughout the cave there are many unique formations. There are also multiple nests along the tour created by bushy tailed wood rats that are permanent residents of the cave.
"The Dry Waterfall" Approximately 15 feet into the cave on the right-hand side, there is a formation of flowstone and dripstone that is active in the spring, but dries out in the late summer months. This formation is called "The Dry Waterfall." Speleothems or flowstone are formed when acidic water (from a mixture of water and carbon dioxide from the soil) flows into the cave over walls or formations and deposits calcite as it flows downward (Hill, personal communication).

50. SUSS Bull 38(4) - Spider Cave - Geology
geology. Ian Cooper. Spider cave is contained within the Late Silurian(415410 million years old) Jenolan caves Limestone. This limestone
http://www.ee.usyd.edu.au/suss/Bulls/38(4)/geology.html
Geology
Ian Cooper
Spider Cave is contained within the Late Silurian (415-410 million years old) Jenolan Caves Limestone. This limestone is a composite unit with a thickness of 235m at Caves House (Allan 1986). Stratigraphy in vicinity of Spider Cave is as follows: Age Unit Name Rocktype(s) Thickness (m) Siluro-Devonian Jenolan Beds Cleaved, purple shale and mudstone, rhyolitic ignimbrite and felsic volcaniclastic sediments. Late Silurian Jenolan Caves Limestone Bedded shaly limestone Massive rudaceous limestone with coral, stromataporoid, crinoid and shell fragments Massive grey muddy limestone Finely bedded muddy limestone with increasing shale interbeds towards base Unconformity or Disconformity Ordovician Rockley Volcanics Black siliceous mudstone with radiolaria; mafic volcanilithic sandstone and local andesite (Caves House Andesite) The limestone is interpreted to represent a shallow marine shelf with coarser reworked detritus, derived from small reefs. Spider Cave is developed in the three lowermost units of the Jenolan Caves Limestone. ) is also folded by these folds.

51. New Mexico Magazine | Southwest Geology
caverns in southeastern New Mexico features one of the largest cave systems in Thediverse geology of the state provides terrain that is classified into six of
http://www.nmmagazine.com/features/geology.html
Southwest Geology
Few places on Earth equal New Mexico's diverse geological makeup, which ranges from low desert plains in the south to high Rocky Mountain ranges in the north, with a diverse display of terrain in between. During the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, a prehistoric ocean that reached to the northeastern corner of the state covered most of New Mexico, creating an ideal environment for dinosaurs. After the ocean dried up in the Cenozoic Period, the Rocky Mountains pushed upward as the Earth's tectonic plates shifted. Currently in the Magazine
Southwest Flavor

Makin' Tracks

New Mexico History
...
Memorias
Natural formations like Ship Rock, an eroded volcanic core sacred to the Navajos that rises more than 1,700 feet from the ground, and Valle Grande, in the Jemez Mountains, were formed in an ensuing volcanic period about a million years ago. Valle Grande, one of the world's largest calderas, was recently purchased as public land by Congress and boasts 176 miles of beautiful green pastures, wildflowers and grazing cattle. Material from the tremendous ancient Jemez eruptions blasted away as far north as Idaho and as far east as Kansas.
An extinct volcanic crater near Grants is one of the many geologic wonders of the state. Nearby are El Malpais National Monument and the Bandera Ice Caves, which lie beneath ancient lava flows and have remained frozen for thousands of years. (Photographer unknown, New Mexico Magazine Archival Collection)

52. Geology Of Jewel Cave National Monument
go to Jewel cave NM home page return to Park geology home page Theexcitement of discovery, the elation and despair, The thrill
http://www.aqd.nps.gov/grd/parks/jeca/
Jewel Cave
National Monument
South Dakota

The excitement of discovery, the elation and despair,
The thrill of pushing forward to discover what is there.
Jan Conn, Jewel Cave explorer. ca. 1975
Buried beneath the Black Hills of South Dakota is the fascinating underground world of Jewel Cave. It delights, it perplexes, and always it lures you on and on to further explorations: to see a chamber decorated with glittering calcite crystals; to sample the outstanding variety of beautiful, colorful, and strange cave formations for which Jewel Cave is famous; or to experience a small part of its more than 80 miles of intricate maze-like passages. Discover the spirit of adventure in Jewel Cave. Underground Delights
calcite
crystals. Explorations in the past 30 years have revealed many more of Jewel Cave's underground delights. Because the cave is a scientific gem, much of it is set aside for research and is not open to the public. But tour routes have been designed so you can experience some of the best of Jewel Cave. On a tour you can begin to sense that Jewel Cave is not the small cave it was once thought to be. It is the world's fourth longest known cave, a labyrinth that twists and turns for more than 80 miles below the surface. Its creation took millions of years, starting with the formation of the Black Hills, when mountain-building forces created faults in the Earth. Beginning 30 to 50 million years ago, slightly acidic groundwater seeped into these faults, dissolving the surrounding

53. PG The Geology Of Solution Caves
The geology of Solution caves. How Solution caves Form. The meltwater streams drainingout along the floor of a glacier cave or the surging, pounding waves at
http://www.cedcc.psu.edu/phillygrotto/solution.html

54. PG Solution Cave Features
with the early history of cave development. Source material quoted from US Departmentof the Interior / US Geological Survey publication geology of caves ISBN
http://www.cedcc.psu.edu/phillygrotto/features.html

55. Geology Of Caves
USGS geology in the Parks home NPS Park geology Tour home http//www.nature.nps.gov/grd/usgsnps/cave/cave.htmlThis site was last updated on 9/5/00.
http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/cave/
Geology of Caves
Modified from:
W. E. Davies and I. M. Morgan
US Geological Survey
Contents
What is a cave?
A cave is a natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and large enough to permit the entry of man. Occurring in a wide variety of rock types and caused by widely differing geological processes, caves range in size from single small rooms to interconnecting passages many miles long. The scientific study of caves is called speleology (from the Greek words spelaion for cave and logos for study). It is a composite science based on geology, hydrology, biology, and archaeology, and thus holds special interest for earth scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey.
Interest in caves has not dwindled. Although firm figures for cave visitors are not available, in 1974 about 1.5 million people toured Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, and more than 67O,000 visited Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico, two of the most famous caves in the United States.
Types of Caves
A simple classification of caves includes four main types and several other relatively less important types.

56. Crystal Cave Park - Are We There Yet? - Geology-special
In Pennsylvania's Dutch Country, Crystal cave offers visitors a wonderfuland educational experience in geology. Before the tour
http://www.fieldtrip.com/pa/06836765.htm
Crystal Cave Park
RD 3
Box 416
Kutztown, PA 19530-9141
In Pennsylvania's Dutch Country, Crystal Cave offers visitors a wonderful and educational experience in geology. Before the tour the audience can view a thrilling slide show with sound and color, showing how caves are formed and decorated by Nature. The 45-minute guided tour passes a myriad display of stalactite, stalagmite and dripstone formations. These imposing columns are marvels in themselves, and they are only the beginning. Every turn reveals new and startling formations, most of which have been named for the images they evoke. The Cathedral Chamber, the Prairies Dogs, Giant's Tooth, Ear of Corn and Tobacco Leaves, the Natural Bridge, the Indian Head, Totem Pole, and the Crystal Ballroom all are things of exquisite beauty. This 125-acre facility also features other attractions including a Nature Trail, Indian Totem Poles, an authentic Amish Buggy, and more. There is also a Geological Museum , Miniature Golf (seasonal), and a Theatre, so it is easy to spend an entire day here. Special rates are available for groups of 15 or more.

57. GEOLOGY FACTS
geology FACTS. Age of cave Has been dated from approximately 2 to 10 millionyears. ALABASTER Hard compact calcite or aragonite that is translucent.
http://www.caveofthewinds.com/test/terms.html
GEOLOGY FACTS Age of Cave : Has been dated from approximately 2 to 10 million years. ALABASTER : Hard compact calcite or aragonite that is translucent. ANTHODITE : (Greek origin: flower like.) Thin crystal strains found in clusters on cave ceilings can resemble a flower. ARAGONITE : Calcium carbonate (CaCO ) that differs from calcite by having a greater density and crystallizes into an orthorhombic form. (ortho rhom bic - three unequal axes at right angles to each other).
BEADED HELICTITES : (same as Beaded Anthodites) Start out as small tubes, like stalactites. Unlike stalactites, which grow down because of dripping water, beaded anthodites grow from small drops of water that are forced into the cave through cracks. The surface tension of small drops is stronger than the force of gravity. For this reason, beaded anthodites can grow in any direction. There are several theories that explain the beads on beaded anthodites and helictites. One theory suggests that beads are related to climate change. Periods of high rainfall may cause bead growth. Another theory maintains that some crystal growth mechanism controls the formation of the beads and that climate may not affect growth.
BREAKDOWN : in the Cave of the Winds is caused by two processes. The breakdown seen near entrances and in passageways that are near the surface is caused by freezing and thawing. As water seeps into the cracks, it will freeze and thaw, causing the water to expand and contract. This expansion and contraction widens and shifts the cracks, causing the rock to eventually break away and fall from the ceiling of the cave. Since it is close to the surface, the ceiling of the cave will collapse, causing a sinkhole. Some of the breakdown near the Old Manitou Grand Caverns entrance may have been caused by freeze-thaw action more than ten thousand years ago. The large breakdown from deep in the cave fell from the ceiling millions of years ago. As the passageways were being formed, some would become too wide to support the ceiling, causing the ceiling to fall.

58. Geology
geology. cave of the Mounds geology. Tour Schedule and Rates How To Find Us Group Tour Information cave Map History geology Receive Information,
http://www.caveofthemounds.com/geology.html
GEOLOGY
Cave of the Mounds Geology
Home Tour Info Find Us Group Tours ... History [ Geology ] Contact Us Links
During this Ordovician Period, warm shallow seas covered the continent where we find Wisconsin today. Abundant shell life could thrive in these seas. Layers and layers of calcium carbonate shell debris accumulated and slowly hardened into limestone. Thousands of feet of limestone and other sedimentary rocks were laid down during this Ordovician Period.
Millions of years ago, the seas receded leaving these layers of rock behind. Erosion began to wear them down. Today the exposed rock in Blue Mounds is a limestone called Galena dolomite, which is a specific kind of limestone containing some magnesium.
Cave of the Mounds itself began to form about a million to a million and a half years ago when the Galena dolomite was still beneath the water table. The water table is defined as that level below which all of the rock is saturated with water. Rock above the water table contains air spaces, while rock below the water table has all its spaces filled with water.
Often the top layer of the water table becomes acidic because rain water and melting snow absorb carbon dioxide as they seep through surface soils. The water combines with the carbon dioxide to form a weak carbonic acid, which can dissolve limestone and create cavities in the rock. When a major crack lets large amounts of acidic water into the limestone below the water table, large amounts of rock dissolve along this crack.

59. Beautiful Rushmore Cave - Black Hills Geology And Caves
A case in point is Beautiful Rushmore cave. Beautiful Rushmore cave 13622Highway 40 Keystone, SD 577516604 (605) 255-4384 or (605) 255-4467.
http://www.beautifulrushmorecave.com/bhgc.html
The Black Hills region is home to some of the most unique caves in the world. They are among the world's most interesting because of their age, evolutionary history, rare formations and complexity. All are precious natural gifts that we may enjoy today and must protect for future generations. Sharing the common bonds of their origin, each is unique in its own way. Located in a band of limestone rock called the "pahasapa limestone" (Large graphic in this link file size is 133k) , the caves encircle the central granite core of the Black Hills. This limestone was created during the Mississippian Period, approximately 360 to 330 million years ago on the bottom of an ancient sea. The present day caves were greatly affected by five events in the area's geologic past. First, the limestone rock was modified by a variety of chemical processes. Second, an early cave and karst system developed in the young limestone rock. Third, the limestone and early caves were buried by other layers of sedimentary rock. They laid dormant and preserved from approximately 320 million years ago until 60 million years ago.

60. Beautiful Rushmore Cave - Black Hills Geology And Caves, Rockerville Quadrangle
Return to Home Page. Brochure cave Tour Information How To Get Here Group TourInformation School Programs Black Hills geology and caves Photo Album
http://www.beautifulrushmorecave.com/mapgeo2.html
Return to Home Page Brochure Cave Tour Information How To Get Here Return to Home Page Brochure Cave Tour Information How To Get Here ... Other Links

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