1. The Emperor Marcus Aurelius: A brief biography.Category Arts Classical Studies Roman marcus aurelius......The Emperor marcus aurelius. 161180. Bibliography Birley, Anthony, MarcusAurelius A Biography (New Haven; Yale University Press, 1987). http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/Mediterranean/MAurelius.html

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2. The Internet Classics Archive | The Meditations By Marcus Aurelius Full text of the twelve books, from the MIT Internet Classics Archive.Category Arts Classical Studies Roman marcus aurelius......The Meditations By marcus aurelius Written 167 ACE Translated by GeorgeLong The Meditations has been divided into the following sections http://classics.mit.edu/Antoninus/meditations.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help The Meditations By Marcus Aurelius Written 167 A.C.E. Translated by George Long The Meditations has been divided into the following sections: Book One Book Two Book Three Book Four ... Book Twelve Commentary: Quite a few comments have been posted about The Meditations Read them or add your own Reader Recommendations: Recommend a Web site you feel is appropriate to this work, list recommended Web sites , or visit a random recommended Web site Download: A 238k text-only version is available for download

3. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Article from the Catholic Encyclopedia. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02109a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... A > Marcus Aurelius Antoninus A B C D ... Z Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Roman Emperor, A.D. 161-180, born at Rome , 26 April, 121; died 17 March, 180. HIS EARLY LIFE (121-161) His father died while Marcus was yet a boy, and he was adopted by his grandfather, Annius Verus. In the first pages of his "Meditations" (I, i-xvii) he has left us an account, unique in antiquity, of his education by near relatives and by tutors of distinction; diligence, gratitude and hardiness seem to have been its chief characteristics. From his earliest years he enjoyed the friendship and patronage on the Emperor Hadrian , who bestowed on him the honour of the equestrian order when he was only six years old, made him a member of the Salian priesthood at eight, and compelled Antoninus Pius immediately after his own adoption to adopt as sons and heirs both the young Marcus and Ceionius Commodus, known later as the Emperor Lucius Verus. In honour of his adopted father he changed his name from M. Julius Aurelius Verus to M. Aurelius Antoninus. By the will of Hadrian he espoused Faustina, the daughter of

4. Stoicism: Marcus Aurelius. The Stoic Emperor marcus aurelius and Commodusthe Gladiator Member of GSAnet Banner Swap. marcus aurelius the philosopher-emperor http://members.aol.com/Heraklit1/marcus.htm

Member of GSAnet Banner Swap Marcus Aurelius - the philosopher-emperor by Paul Harrison. Marcus Aurelius thought the Universe was divine. He was a Pantheist. Are you? Find out now at the Natural Pantheism site. CONTENTS Life of Marcus Marcus' thoughts Commodus about Marcus Aurelius and Commodus Everything harmonizes with me, which is harmonious to thee, o Universe. Nothing for me is too early or too late, which is in due time for thee. Marcus, Ephesus Museum Marcus Aurelius The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius was perhaps the only true philosopher- king in the history of the world. He was not an original nor a systematic philosopher, but in his meditations, a series of notes to himself, he formulated his pantheist Stoic beliefs with a passionate religious conviction. He shared the basic Stoic belief in the divinity of the cosmos as an intelligent being with a soul, and stressed (perhaps too fatalistically) the harmony of all things and the importance of resigning oneself to whatever happened. Marcus Aurelius reigned from 161 AD to 180 AD. He seems to have been a good and conscientious ruler who was magnanimous towards his enemies. He banned informers, stamped down hard on corruption, and freed slaves at every opportunity. Although he tolerated the circus, he ordered gladiators to fight with blunted points. Needing extra funds for his wars in Eastern Europe, he refused to raise taxes but instead held a public auction of his own golden tableware and of his wife's silk and gold embroidered dresses.

5. Marcus Aurelius Chronicles the life and reign of the 2nd century Roman emperor, Stoic philosopher and author of the twelvevolume "Meditations." (from The Meditations). marcus aurelius was born in Rome. http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/aurelius.htm

Choose another writer in this calendar: by name: A B C D ... Z by birthday from the calendar Credits and feedback Marcus Aurelius (121-180 AD) - full name Marcus Aurelius Antoninius Roman Emperor and Stoic, the author of Meditations in twelve books. Its first printing appeared in English in 1634. During the reign of Marcus Aurelius the celebrated Pax Romana collapsed - perhaps this made the emperor the most believable of all Stoics. An important feature of the philosophy was that everything will recur: the whole universe becomes fire and then repeats itself. Constantly regard the universe as one living being, having one substance and one soul; and observe how all things have reference to one perception, the perception of this one living being; and how all things act with one movement; and how all things are the cooperating causes of all things which exist; observe too the continuous spinning of the thread and the contexture of the web. (from The Meditations Marcus Aurelius was born in Rome. He came from an aristocratic family long established in Spain. His father was Annius Verus. When only a small child, he attracted the attention of the Emperor Hadrian (r. 117-138) - a pedophile and his fellow-countryman. He was appointed by the Emperor to a priesthood in 129, and Hadrian also supervised his education, which was entrusted to the best professors of literature, rhetoric and philosophy of the time. From his early twenties he deserted his other studies for philosophy. The Emperor Antoninus, who succeeded Hadrian, adopted Marcus Aurelius as his son in 138. He treated Aurelius as a confidant and helper throughout his reign. Aurelius was admitted to the Senate, and then twice the consulship. In 147 he shared tribunician power with Antoninus. During this time he began composition of his

6. Roman Emperors - DIR Marcus Aurelius An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors marcus aurelius (A.D. Herbert W. Benario Introduction and Sources DIR Atlas. marcus aurelius (A.D. 161180) http://www.roman-emperors.org/marcaur.htm

Virtual Catalog of Roman Coins An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors DIR Atlas Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161-180) Herbert W. Benario Emory University Introduction and Sources The Vita of the emperor in the collection known as the Historia Augusta identifies him in its heading as Marcus Antoninus Philosophus , "Marcus Antoninus the Philosopher." Toward the end of the work, the following is reported about him, sententia Platonis semper in ore illius fuit, florere civitates si aut philosophi imperarent aut imperantes philosopharentur (27.7), "Plato's judgment was always on his lips, that states flourished if philosophers ruled or rulers were philosophers." It is this quality of Marcus' character which has made him a unique figure in Roman history, since he was the only emperor whose life was molded by, and devoted to, philosophy (Julian was the second and last). His reign was long and troubled, and in some ways showed the weaknesses of empire which ultimately led to the "Decline and Fall," yet his personal reputation, indeed his sanctity, have never failed of admirers. Contributing to his fame and reputation is a slender volume of Stoic philosophy which served as a kind of diary while he was involved in military campaigns, the Meditations , a book which can be described as an aureus libellus , a little golden book.

7. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Marcus Aurelius Probus (Catholic Encyclopedia)Category Society Religion and Spirituality P......Home Catholic Encyclopedia P marcus aurelius Probus. MarcusAurelius Probus. Roman Emperor, 27682, raised to the throne by http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12446a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... P > Marcus Aurelius Probus A B C D ... Z Marcus Aurelius Probus Roman Emperor, 276-82, raised to the throne by the army in Syria to succeed Tacitus. Of humble origin, he was born at Sirmium in Illyria; by courage and ability he won the confidence of the soldiers, and during the reign of Marcus Aurelius [should read "Lucius Domitius Aurelianus" Ed. MOMMSEN, Rom. Gesch., V (Berlin, 1885); SCHILLER, Gesch. der rom. Kaiserzeit, II (Gotha, 1887); VON DOMASZEWSKI, Gesch. der rom. Kaiser (2 vols., Leipzig, 1909). KARL HOEBER Transcribed by Herman F. Holbrook Rex regum et Dominus dominantium misereatur nobis Iesus Christus. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XII Nihil Obstat, June 1, 1911. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York We also recommend The Catholic Company and Aquinas and More for Catholic books and gifts. Subscribe to our FREE Catholic newsletter. DisplayVote690(true); 19 February 2003. "Blessed be Jesus Christ in His Angels and in His Saints The Divine Praises

8. Island Of Freedom - Marcus Aurelius Profiles the Roman emperor and stoic philosopher whose ideas on morality, virtue and selfsacrifice can be found in the "Meditations." marcus aurelius Antoninus. 121-180 http://www.island-of-freedom.com/AURELIUS.HTM

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was the Emperor of Rome from 161 until his death. Born Marcus Annius Verus, he was adopted by the emperor Antoninus Pius in 138, and married his daughter Annia Galeria Faustina a few years later. He succeeded to the throne without difficulty on Antoninus' death. Marcus Aurelius was educated by the best tutors in Rome and was a devotee of Stoicism. However, he felt with more religious fervour the communion of man in the unity of the universe than most other Stoics. In his later years he wrote the Meditations as a relief from his lonely office, in which he attempts to reconcile his Stoic philosophy of virtue and self-sacrifice with his role as emperor. As a philosopher Aurelius believed that a divine providence had placed reason in man, and it was in the power of man to be one with the rational purpose of the universe. This is a duty to a man himself and to the citizens of God's State. No man can be injured by another, he can only injure himself. He attempted to be a philosopher-king, which he considered a moral rather than a political ideal. He believed that the moral life leads to tranquility, and stressed the virtues of wisdom, justice, fortitude, and moderation. References: The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers , J. O. Urmson and Jonathan Rée, editors. London: Unman Hyman, 1991.

9. Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1998.11.35 Book review containing comparison/contrasts between Stoicism and other philosophies. http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1998/1998-11-35.html

Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1998.11.35 Pierre Hadot, The Inner Citadel: The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius. Translated by Michael Chase . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. Pp. x, 351. ISBN 0-674-46171-1. $45.00. Reviewed by Rachana Kamtekar, Institute for Research in the Humanities, University of Wisconsin-Madison (rkamtekar@facstaff.wisc.edu) Word count: 4302 words English-language readers of Hadot's Philosophy as a Way of Life (Blackwell, 1995) and students of Stoicism will welcome Michael Chase's translation of Hadot's 1992 . In The Inner Citadel , Hadot applies to Marcus Aurelius' Meditations his characteristic interpretative approach: treating ancient philosophy as a "way of life," in particular one which provides its students with "spiritual exercises" to enable them to make progress towards wisdom, and treating ancient philosophical texts with attention to the "forms of discourse," or constraints of genre, tradition, and audience that affected their production. Hadot's extended application of this approach to Marcus gives readers an opportunity to evaluate its fruitfulness. Below, I give a brief chapter-by-chapter summary of Hadot's interpretation of Marcus' Meditations , commenting along the way on some general issues in The Inner Citadel : (1) the treatment of Marcus' eclecticism vs. Stoic orthodoxy, (2) the value of indifferents, (3) the Stoics' account of the relationship between the disciplines of logic, physics, and ethics, especially in their theoretical and practical dimensions.

10. The Internet Classics Archive | Works By Marcus Aurelius Help. Works by marcus aurelius The Meditations Written 167 ACE Translatedby George Long Read discussion 93 comments © 19942000 http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/browse-Antoninus.html

Home Search Buy Books and CD-ROMs ... Help Works by Marcus Aurelius The Meditations Written 167 A.C.E. Translated by George Long Read discussion : 93 comments

11. Ancient History Sourcebook: Eutropius: The Reign Of Marcus Aurelius, 161-180 CE The Ancient History Sourcebook presents a 4th century profile written by Eutropius. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/eutropius-marcusaurelius1.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Eutropius (4th Cent CE): The Reign of Marcus Aurelius, 161-180 CE [Davis Introduction] Marcus Aurelius was Emperor from 161 to 180 A.D. No ruler ever came to power with higher ideals and purposes, but the reign was not a very prosperous one. The philosopher in the purple was afflicted by the widespread pestilences in the Empire, and by the dangerous wars on the frontiers. He struggled against the difficulties manfully, and overcame most of them; but his reign marks the beginning of the long slow decline of the Empire. Eutropius: Compendium of Roman History , VIII.12-14 Marcus Aurelius was trained in philosophy by Apollonius of Chalcedon: in the Greek language by Sextus of Chaeronea, the grandson of Plutarch, while the eminent orator Fronto instructed him in Latin literature. He conducted himself towards all men at Rome, as if he had been their equal, being moved by no arrogance by his elevation to the Empire. He exercised prompt liberality, and managed the provinceswith the utmost kindness and indulgence. Under his rule affairs were successfully conducted against the Germans. He himself carried on a war with the Marcomanni, which was greater than any in the memory of man (in the way of wars with the Germans)-so that it was compared to the Punic Wars, for it was exceedingly formidable, and in it whole armies were lost; especially as in this reign, after the victory over the Parthians there occurred a great pestilence so that at Rome, and throughout Italy and the provinces a large fraction of the population, and actually the bulk of the regular troops perished from the plague.

12. Maximus History of marcus aurelius, Commodus and Lucius Verus Roman emperors depicted in the film Gladiator with pictures of the characters. http://www.loveangelquest.com/maximus.html

13. PROJECT GUTENBERG OFFICIAL HOME SITE -- Listing By AUTHOR marcus aurelius. http://promo.net/cgi-promo/pg/cat.cgi?&label=ID&ftpsite=ftp://ibiblio.or

14. Coins Of Probus An online collection of coins of the Roman emperor marcus aurelius Probus. Non-commercial http://members.rogers.com/hive2/probuscoll/a-Probuscoll.html

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15. - Great Books - marcus aurelius (121180), Roman Assessment General assessment. MarcusAurelius was one of the best men of heathen Antiquity. Apropos http://www.malaspina.com/site/person_143.asp

Marcus Aurelius Roman Emperor, A.D. 161-180, born at Rome, 26 April, 121; died 17 March, 180. His father died while Marcus was yet a boy, and he was adopted by his grandfather, Annius Verus. In the first pages of his "Meditations" (I, i-xvii) he has left us an account, unique in Antiquity , of his education by near relatives and by tutors of distinction; diligence, gratitude and hardiness seem to have been its chief characteristics. From his earliest years he enjoyed the friendship and patronage on the Emperor Hadrian, who bestowed on him the honour of the equestrian order when he was only six years old, made him a member of the Salian priesthood at eight, and compelled Antoninus Pius immediately after his own adoption to adopt as sons and heirs both the young Marcus and Ceionius Commodus, known later as the Emperor Lucius Verus. In honour of his adopted father he changed his name from M. Julius Aurelius Verus to M. Aurelius Antoninus. By the will of Hadrian he espoused Faustina, the daughter of Antoninus Pius. He was raised to the consularship in 140, and in 147 received the "tribunician power". His Reign (161-180) His co-reign with Lucius Verus (161-169) . In all the later years of the life of Antoninus Pius, Marcus was his constant companion and adviser. On the death of the former (7 March, 161) Marcus was immediately acknowledged as emperor by the Senate. Acting entirely on his own initiative he at once promoted his adopted brother Lucius Verus to the position of colleague, with equal rights as emperor.

16. MSN Learning & Research - Marcus Aurelius Short biography at Encarta Online. http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761576162

17. Great Books Index - Marcus Aurelius GREAT BOOKS INDEX. marcus aurelius Antoninus (121180). An Index to OnlineGreat Books in English Translation. The Meditations of marcus aurelius. http://books.mirror.org/gb.aurelius.html

GREAT BOOKS INDEX Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (121180) An Index to Online Great Books in English Translation AUTHORS/HOME TITLES GB CAFE ABOUT GB INDEX ... BOOK LINKS The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius Meditations Articles The Meditations (ca 167) HTML edition organized into twelve books (Classics Archive, 2040KB each book) Translated by George Long. HTML edition divided into books (Evansville) Translated by George Long. [Back to Top of Page] Links to Information About Marcus Aurelius Brief Biography of Marcus Aurelius (Ecole) Article on Stoicism (Stanford) This article by Dirk Baltzly provides an overview of the philosophical system within which Marcus Aurelius wrote. Western Canon Mailing List (P.J. Barnette, Jr) The "Meditations" is the October 1997 selection for discussion on the Western Canon mailing list. An excellent opportunity. Not online, but recommended: The Penguin Classics edition of the "Meditations", translated by Maxwell Staniforth. See particularly the introduction, also by Staniforth. Other translations than Long's and Staniforth's: Staniforth mentions several. Some of these are public domain and suitable for scanning for Project Gutenberg. In 1898, by G.H. Rendall, "the most lively, scholarly and idiomatic of all English versions." In 1634, by Meric Casaubon, "archaic, cumbrous and involved" [and one is reminded of Middlemarch]. And in 1701, by Jeremy Collier, "strays so far from the original that it is scarcely more than a paraphrase." Of Long's translation of 1862, Staniforth says it is "admirably correct, as literal as a school crib, and ... utterly unreadable." At least in the case of Long, you may judge for yourself.

18. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Maxentius (Catholic Encyclopedia) http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10073b.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... M > Marcus Aurelius Maxentius A B C D ... Z Marcus Aurelius Maxentius suicide Christians in Italy and Africa, his reign was stained with acts of debauchery and cruelty. After his father's death, Maxentius and Maximin, Emperor of the East, fearing the political alliance of Constantine and Licinius, came to an understanding unfriendly to Constantine. Maxentius made extensive military preparations, and destroyed the statues and paintings of Constantine. Constantine advanced over what is now Mont Cenis with a comparatively small but well-drilled army and, victorious in several battles, occupied Upper Italy; he then marched against Rome, where his opponent, strongly entrenched behind the Tiber and the walls of Aurelius, hoped to resist him successfully. Thoughtlessly and shortsightedly, Maxentius, abandoning this excellent position, made a bridge of boats across the Tiber (near the Milvian Bridge, now Ponte Molle), and awaited the troops of Constantine on the right bank of the river. It was then that occurred the miracle related by Eusebius (Vita Constant. I, 28-30), that when Constantine implored supernatural aid, a fiery cross appeared over the sun with the legend:

19. The Throne Of The Caesars: Marcus Aurelius Contents Previous Article Next Article marcus aurelius. EmperorAD 161 180. The study of philosophy and other scholarly pursuits http://myron.sjsu.edu/romeweb/EMPCONT/e081.htm

Contents Previous Article Next Article Marcus Aurelius Emperor A.D 161 - 180 Go to next article on Emperor Lucius Verus Go back to previous article on Emperor Antoninus Pius Return to Roman Emperors Table of Contents Return to History and Technology Back Pages - The home page for this entire site. Navigation and Help Roman Emperors Roman Women Interesting Events ... Glossary

20. Roman Writers, Writing And Historians: The Meditations Of Marcus Aurelius The Meditations of marcus aurelius. c. AD 161 180. marcus aurelius was notonly well known as a Roman Emperor, but a Stoic Philosopher also. http://myron.sjsu.edu/romeweb/WRITERS/art15.htm

Contents Previous Article Next Article The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius c. A.D. 161 - 180 Marcus Aurelius was not only well known as a Roman Emperor , but a Stoic Philosopher also. He was an educated man who found himself in a world at war. He believed in doing his duty and defending the empire against German invasion, but he would really have wanted to be able to sevote his life to study. The Meditations were written in the cramped quarters of a Roman army camp. Go to next article: Go back to previous article: Return to Roman Writers, Writing, and Historians Table of Contents Return to History and Technology Back Pages - The home page for this entire site. Navigation and Help Roman Emperors Roman Women Interesting Events ... Glossary

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