21. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain And William Shockley John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and william shockley won the 1956 nobel Prize forphysics for their work on the transistor, the basic building block of today's http://www.musser.us/zCommonFiles/tools/Transistor.html

John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley won the 1956 Nobel Prize for physics for their work on the transistor, the basic building block of today's radios, televisions, computers and other electronic devices. Learn about the complete history of the transistor. - Ira Flatow, Transistorized! on PBS Bardeen, John bah(r)deen Brattain, Walter H(ouser) US physicist, born in Amoy, China, where his father was a teacher. He grew up on a cattle ranch in the State of Washington, and studied at the universities of Oregon and Minnesota. In 1929 he joined Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he worked as a research physicist on the surface properties of semiconductors. With Bardeen and Shockley he developed the point-contact transistor, using a thin germanium crystal. He shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956. Shockley, William B(radford) Physicist, born in London, England, UK. He studied at the California Institute of Technology and Harvard, began work with Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1936, and became professor of engineering at Stanford in 1963. During World War 2 he directed US research on antisubmarine warfare. In 1947 he helped devise the point-contact transistor. He then devised the junction transistor, which heralded a revolution in radio, TV, and computer circuitry. He shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956 with John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. In his later years Shockley provoked outrage with his racist comments and sterilization schemes for people of low IQ.

22. Shockley, William Bradford. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 shockley, william Bradford. colleagues, John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain, producedthe first transistor in 1947; for this work they shared the nobel Prize in http://www.bartleby.com/65/sh/Shockley.html

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23. New Page 1 william shockley is best known as the inventor of the junction transistor. For thisand other contributions to transistors physics, he received the 1956 nobel http://www.ieee.org/organizations/history_center/legacies/shockley.html

What's News Who We Are Where We Are On-Line Resources ... Awards IEEE History Center Rutgers-The State Univ. 39 Union Street New Brunswick, NJ USA +1-732-932-1066 (Office) +1-732-932-1193 (Fax) history@ieee.org IEEE History Center William B. Shockley William Shockley is best known as the inventor of the junction transistor. For this and other contributions to transistors physics, he received the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with his two former colleagues at Bell Telephone Laboratories, John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain. Shockley was born on 13 February 1910, in London of American parents. Reared in California, he received the B.S. degree at the California lnstitute of Technology in 1932 and the Ph. D. degree at the Massachusetts lnstitute of Technology in 1936. He joined the technical staff at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1936. During World War II, on leave of absence from Bell, he served as director of research for the Navy's Anti-Submarine Warfare Operations Research Group and as expert consultant for the Office of the Secretary of War. Returning to Bell after the war, he became director of the solid state physics research program, which saw the development of the first experiments on early junction transistors. In 1954, Shockley was named director of transistor physics research at Bell.

24. Awards And Honors: Nobel Prize Schrieffer, John Robert shared Physics, 1972; shockley, william (deceased) -shared Physics, 1956; nobel Work Done at MIT by Other Scientists 2 Störmer http://web.mit.edu/ir/pop/awards/nobel.shtml

P OPULATION A WARDS AND ... ONORS O FFICE OF THE P ROVOST Provost Home Institutional Research Awards and Honors American Academy of Arts and Sciences American Association for the Advancement of Science CAREER Award John Bates Clark Medal Crafoord Prize Dirac Medal Franklin Institute Awards Fulbright Scholars Program Gairdner Award Gregori Aminoff Prize Guggenheim Fellows HHMI Investigators Institute of Medicine Japan Prize Kyoto Prize Lemelson-MIT Awards MacArthur Fellows NAE NAS National Book Award National Medal of Science National Medal of Technology Nobel Prize Pulitzer Prize Alan T. Waterman Award -Student Honors- Fulbright Fellows Marshall Scholars Rhodes Scholars -MIT Only- Levitan Prize Nobel Prize Nobel Foundation Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Current faculty: 7 Friedman, Jerome I. - shared Physics, 1990 Horvitz, H. Robert - shared Medicine/Physiology, 2002 Ketterle, Wolfgang - shared Physics, 2001 Molina, Mario J. - shared Chemistry, 1995 Sharp, Phillip A. - shared Medicine/Physiology, 1993

25. MIT Nobel Prize Winners 2001 Nobels in 5 fields MIT news release, October 12, 2001; Theses of MIT AlumniNobel Prize Winners william shockley, shared Physics, MIT PhD 1936 (deceased). http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/nr/nobels.html

Special Reports News Releases Search MIT News Office ... MIT 56 MIT-related Nobel Prize winners include faculty, researchers, alumni and staff UPDATED OCTOBER 7, 2002 Contact Information Fifty-six current or former members of the MIT community have won the Nobel Prize . They include 22 professors, 23 alumni (including three of the professors), 13 researchers and one staff physician. Twenty-five of the Nobel Prizes are in physics, ten in chemistry, eleven in economics, eight in medicine/physiology, and two in peace. Eight Nobel prizes were won by researchers who helped develop radar at the MIT Radiation Laboratory. Nobelists who are current members of the MIT community are Drs. Horvitz (2002), Ketterle (2001), Molina (1995), Sharp (1993), Friedman (1990), Tonegawa (1987), Solow (1987), Modigliani (1985), Ting (1976) Samuelson (1970), and Khorana (1968). - MIT news release, October 7, 2002 Eight from MIT win 2001 Nobels i n 5 fields - MIT news release, October 12, 2001 Theses of MIT Alumni Nobel Prize Winners - MIT Libraries MIT-related Nobelists by discipline MIT-related Nobelists by MIT relationship H. Robert Horvitz

26. William Shockley Translate this page william terminó su licenciatura en física en 1932 Después de doctorarse, Shockleytenía ofertas para trabajar valdría obtener más tarde el Premio nobel. http://www-etsi2.ugr.es/alumnos/mlii/Shockley.htm

William Shockley (1910-1989) William Bradford Shockley nació en Londres el 13 de febrero de 1910, aunque sus padres eran norteamericanos y sólo 3 años después de su nacimiento se lo llevaron a vivir a Palo Alto, California. Su padre era un ingeniero y su madre una topógrafa de minas. Considerando que le podrían dar a su hijo una mejor educación en casa, los Shockleys mantuvieron a William sin ir a la escuela hasta que cumplió 8 años. Aunque su educación probaría más tarde ser de excelente nivel, este aislamiento hizo que el pequeño William tuviera muchos problemas para adaptarse a su entorno social. La madre de William le enseñaba matemáticas, y ambos padres le motivaban sus intereses científicos, aunque una influencia particularmente importante para él en esos días fue su vecino Perley A. Ross, que era profesor de física en Stanford. A los 10 años de edad, William visitaba constantemente la casa de Ross, y jugaba con las 2 hijas del profesor. Shockley pasó 2 años en la Academia Militar de Palo Alto antes de ingresar a la Preparatoria de Hollywood en Los Angeles. Durante un corto tiempo asistió también a la Escuela de Entrenamiento de los Angeles, en la que estudió física. Fue ahí que descubrió que tenía un talento innato para esa disciplina: solía encontrar con cierta facilidad formas de resolver problemas que diferían de las soluciones tradicionales que proporcionaban sus maestros. Pese a ser el mejor estudiante de física de su escuela, Shockley se decepcionó al no recibir el premio en esta disciplina al graduarse, pues éste le fue negado por haber tomado clases de física en otra escuela.

27. William Bradford Shockley - Wikipedia william Bradford shockley (born February 13, 1910) is a physicist and coinventorof the transistor. He was a recipient of the nobel Prize in physics in 1956. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Page history Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help William Bradford Shockley From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. William Bradford Shockley (born February 13 ) is a physicist and co- inventor of the transistor . He was a recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics in Edit this page Discuss this page Page history What links here ... Recent changes It was last modified 09:42 Feb 14, 2003. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Main Page Recent changes Random page ... Bug reports

28. Shockley, William Bradford shockley, william Bradford 191089, American physicist, b. London Brattain, producedthe first transistor in 1947; for this work they shared the nobel Prize in http://www.slider.com/enc/48000/Shockley_William_Bradford.htm

ecomm pro - ecommerce solution Home Encyclopeadia S She - Shi ... Rope Ladders Trellian WebPage Slider Search: The Web Encyclopaedia Shopping Index Help Encyclopaedia Shockley, William Bradford 1910-89, American physicist, b. London. He graduated from the California Institute of Technology (B.S., 1932) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Ph.D., 1936). After directing antisubmarine research for the U.S. Navy during World War II, he returned to work at Bell Laboratories. There he and two colleagues, John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain, produced the first transistor in 1947; for this work they shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956. Shockley taught electrical engineering at Stanford Univ. from 1958 to 1975. In the late 1960s and 1970s he became the center of controversy when he lectured on his theory that blacks were intellectually inferior and, by reproducing faster than whites, were causing a retrogression in human evolution. Most social scientists took issue with his interpretation of gross intelligence quotient (IQ) scores because he made no allowance for cultural and social influences. Add URL Advertise Contact Us transistor

29. Transistorized! The History Of The Invention Of The Transistor, Photo Credits exterior, Courtesy Snuffy'sPantagis Renaissance Four nobel Prize winners (shockley,Bardeen, Brattain, and Charles H. Townes) william shockley page 3 http://www.pbs.org/transistor/photocredits.html

Transistorized! Photo Credits All Photos Courtesy American Institute of Physics: Emilio Segre Archives Except Where Noted Homepage Interactive Transistor Radio Graphic by Carl Flatow, FlatoGraphics A ll other pages People (In alphabetical order) Gene Anderson John Bardeen - Bardeen Children, Courtesy Bill Bardeen - Young Bardeen, Courtesy Bill Bardeen John and Jane Bardeen John Bardeen page 2 - Brattain and Bardeen playing golf, 1971 Famous 3 (Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley) - John Bardeen John Bardeen page 3 - Reverse Image Famous 3 (Shockley, Brattain, and Bardeen) - John Bardeen, 1973 Alexander Bell Robert Brattain Walter Brattain - Walter Brattain Walter Brattain page 2 - Famous 3 (Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley) - Brattain at his crystal pulling apparatus - Brattain receives Nobel Prize Walter Brattain page 3 - Brattain drinking beer with student - Brattain teaching in classroom - Brattain and Bardeen playing golf, 1971

30. Boston Globe Online / Table Of Contents william shockley, nobel WINNER WHO STIRRED RACIAL CONTROVERSY. AuthorBy Mary McGrath, Associated Press Date Tuesday, August 15 http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1989/1989r.html

Archives Big Dig Book Reviews Boston Capital ... Week in Photos Search the Globe: Today Yesterday WILLIAM SHOCKLEY, NOBEL WINNER WHO STIRRED RACIAL CONTROVERSY Author: By Mary McGrath, Associated Press Date: Tuesday, August 15, 1989 Page: Section: OBITUARY SAN FRANCISCO By helping to invent the transistor, William Shockley did as much to shape the modern world as Louis Pasteur or Madame Curie, colleagues said. But he died with a reputation tarnished by his controversial racial theories. Mr. Shockley, who shared the 1956 Nobel Prize for physics, died Saturday of prostate cancer at his home on the campus of Stanford University, the university said Sunday. He was 79. He was among the fathers of the electronic age but spent his later years embroiled in controversy over his theory that intelligence is genetically based and that blacks as a group are inferior to whites. "I would say he would have to be compared to people who opened up huge new areas, such as Pasteur or the Salk vaccine," said professor William E. Spicer, Mr. Shockley's friend and colleague for 33 years. "But certainly the controversies he got into later in life made it much more difficult for him to get recognition for his key contribution," said Spicer, a professor of electrical engineering at Stanford.

31. Boston Globe Online / Table Of Contents five nobel laureates have volunteered for duty already. Four have swaddled themselvesin the protective toga of anonymity; the fifth is william shockley, http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1980/1980ao.html

Archives Big Dig Book Reviews Boston Capital ... Week in Photos Search the Globe: Today Yesterday IN THIS CORNER I'D LIKE A NOBEL PRIZE, YES, BUT I HAVE THIS ONE QUESTION Author: By Robert Taylor Globe Staff Date: Friday, March 7, 1980 Page: Section: RUN OF PAPER Are they turning the Nobel Prize into a stud farm? I need an answer because I am mulling publication of a keen-witted hypothesis on the origin of the universe, a thesis which triumphantly refutes both the Big Bang and Steady State theories. Now, overnight, I have severe reservations about winning the world's applause; though I envision myself crowned by a tipsy wreath of Nobel laurel, I fear the judges may expect me to contribute my scientific genius to the most intelligent woman in America, the chief cashier in Dr. Robert K. Graham's sperm bank. As you are probably aware, five Nobel laureates have volunteered for duty already. Four have swaddled themselves in the protective toga of anonymity; the fifth is William Shockley, proponent of the notion that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. The prospect of a future with a generation of Shockleys in it might make an ad for Alka Seltzer, but it does nothing for me. With all deference to the American hockey team, they were my third greatest Olympic thrill, preceded by Jesse Owens, snubbed by Hitler, Berlin 1936, and the first minute of the second Louis-Schmeling fight, which you will tell me was a professional fandango rather than a knightly quest undertaken in the Olympic spirit of selflessness.

32. IT - Nobel Laureates Walter Brattain (Physics Ph.D. '29) nobel Prize in physics, 1956 Brattain, John Bardeen,and william B. shockley won the nobel Prize for the development of the http://www.itdean.umn.edu/about/awards/nobel.html

Nobel Laureates Faculty Laureates John Bardeen Faculty member 1938-45 Nobel Prize in physics, 1956 and 1972 Bardeen shared the 1956 prize with William B. Shockley and Walter H. Brattain (Physics Ph.D. '29) for their joint invention of the transistor. Together with Leon N. Cooper and John R. Schrieffer, he won the 1972 prize for the development of the theory of superconductivity. Arthur H. Compton Faculty member 1916-17 Nobel Prize in physics, 1927 Compton won the Nobel Prize (along with C.T.R. Wilson of England) for his discovery and explanation of the so-called "Compton effect," the change in the wavelength of X-rays when they collide with electrons in metals. William N. Lipscomb

33. Nobel Prize In Physics Since 1901 shockley, william. 1957. http://www.planet101.com/nobel_physics_hist.htm

Nobel Prize in Physics since 1901 Year Winners Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon Zeeman, Pieter Becquerel, Antoine Henri; Curie, Marie; Curie, Pierre Rayleigh, Lord John William Strutt Lenard, Philipp Eduard Anton Thomson, Sir Joseph John Michelson, Albert Abraham Lippmann, Gabriel Braun, Carl Ferdinand Marconi, Guglielmo Van Der Waals, Johannes Diderik Wien, Wilhelm Dalen, Nils Gustaf Kamerlingh-Onnes, Heike Laue, Max Von Bragg, Sir William Henry; Bragg, Sir William Lawrence Barkla, Charles Glover Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Stark, Johannes Guillaume, Charles Edouard Einstein, Albert Bohr, Niels Millikan, Robert Andrews Siegbahn, Karl Manne Georg Franck, James; Hertz, Gustav Perrin, Jean Baptiste Compton, Arthur Holly; Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees Richardson, Sir Owen Willans De Broglie, Prince Louis-Victor Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Heisenberg, Werner Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice; Schroedinger, Erwin Chadwick, Sir James

34. FÍSICA - DONA FIFI - 100 Anos De Nobel - Shockley Translate this page william shockley inventou o transistor de junção em 1948, logo após John Bardeene Em 1956, os três receberam o prêmio nobel de Física por esses trabalhos http://www.fisica.ufc.br/donafifi/nobel100/nobel5.htm

Dona Fifi aos 19 anos. Apostilas eletrônicas de Dona Fifi SHOCKLEY William Shockley inventou o transistor de junção em 1948, logo após John Bardeen e Walter Brattain terem inventado o transistor de ponta. Em 1956, os três receberam o prêmio Nobel de Física por esses trabalhos. Shockley era um cidadão problemático. Quando trabalhava no Laboratório Bell desentendeu-se com Bardeen que preferiu romper a parceria e sair do grupo. Ninguém queria Shockley como chefe, por ser arbitrário, nem como colega, por ser picuinha. Bardeen à esquerda, Shockley e Brattain. Em 1973, quando sua carreira científica e empresarial já tinha se esvaído, Shockley resolveu entrar na área de ciências humanas. Melhor seria chamar de ciências desumanas. Criou o termo "disgenia", que seria um mecanismo de degeneração da espécie. Segundo ele, as pessoas geneticamente inferiores costumam ter mais capacidade de fazerem filhos (em termos técnicos, têm mais tesão). Dessa forma, a população de seres de baixa qualidade tenderia a inchar. É claro que, ao se referir a seres inferiores, ele estava pensando em negros e latinos. Nós, portanto. Publicou trabalhos onde afirmava que os negros tinham QI (o famigerado "quociente de inteligência") 15 pontos abaixo dos brancos, em média. Sugeriu que o governo pagasse cada pessoa com QI abaixo de 100 que topasse ser esterilizada. Nessa seara, Shockley estava em boa companhia. O austríaco Konrad Lorentz, inventor de outra idéia de jerico, a chamada "etologia", escreveu um artigo no qual pregava "uma eliminação mais severa de seres humanos moralmente inferiores". Como isso foi escrito em 1942, quando Lorentz pertencia aos quadros do partido nazista alemão, na certa ele se referia aos judeus. Pois pode acreditar: Lorentz também ganhou seu prêmio Nobel (de medicina), em 1973.

35. Shockley william Bradford shockley born Feb American engineer and teacher, cowinner (with JohnBardeen and Walter H. Brattain) of the nobel Prize for Physics in http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/shockley.htm

William Bradford Shockley born Feb. 13, 1910, London, Eng. died Aug. 12, 1989, Palo Alto, Calif., U.S. American engineer and teacher, cowinner (with John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956 for their development of the transistor, a device that largely replaced the bulkier and less-efficient vacuum tube and ushered in the age of microminiature electronics. During the late 1960s Shockley became a figure of some controversy because of his widely debated views on the intellectual differences between races. Shockley was born in London, England, on February 13, 1910. His parents were Americans. Shockley came from a long, aristocratic American line, directly descending from John Alden and Priscilla Mullins from the Mayflower on his father's side. His father, William, was an MIT-trained mining engineer and adventurer, quite capable of staring down bandits at gunpoint on Mongolian railroads, but largely incapable of making a living. Shockley's mother, May Bradford, of Missouri stock, was one of the first women graduates of Stanford University, majoring in art and mathematics. She became the first woman surveyor in Nevada's silver mining territory. William was 24 years older than she; he was in his mid 50s. They married in 1908 and moved to London, where William had contract work. Their only child, William Bradford was born there. When he entered high school, Shockley spent two years at the Palo Alto Military Academy. He then enrolled for a brief time in the Los Angeles Coaching School to study physics. He finished his high school education at Hollywood High, graduating in 1927.

36. Physics 1956 The nobel Prize in Physics 1956. for their researches on semiconductors and theirdiscovery of the transistor effect . william Bradford shockley, John Bardeen, http://physics.uplb.edu.ph/laureates/1956/

37. William Shockley, Bardeen & Brittain - All Worked To Produce The Transistor In 1 william shockley is a name that also should not be left out of any discussion Allthree shared the nobel prize in 1956 for the development of the transistor. http://www.design-technology.info/inventors/page12.htm

Inventors Inventions Bardeen and Brattain The age of micro-electronics is really taken for granted now. We expect microwave ovens and cell-phones. We expect remote controlled appliances and we expect sophisticated monitoring systems on car engines, transport monitoring and radio / TV. Had a few research scientists not delved into semi-conducting materials and developed the transistor, the foundations for much of this would not have been laid. William Shockley is a name that also should not be left out of any discussion over the transistor and its origins and limiting the honours to any one of them would be unfair to the others. His work with semiconductors led to the possibilities of the products we own today. All three shared the Nobel prize in 1956 for the development of the transistor. Text

38. Pictures Gallery Of The Nobel Prize Winners In Physics Translate this page The nobel Prize in Physics. 1998. 1957. Tsung-dao Lee Chen Ning Yang 1956. JohnBardeen Walter Houser Brattain (1) william Bradford shockley 1955. http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/physpicnobel.html

The Nobel Prize in Physics Robert B. Laughlin Daniel C. Tsui Steven Chu ... Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven Louis Eugene Felix Neel Murray Gell-Mann Luis Walter Alvarez Hans Albrecht Bethe Alfred Kastler Richard Phillips Feynman Julian Seymour Schwinger Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Nikolai Gennadievich Basov Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov Charles Hard Townes Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen Maria Goeppert-Mayer ... Sir Edward Victor Appleton Percy Williams Bridgman Wolfgang Ernst Pauli Isidor Isaac Rabi Otto Stern None None None Ernest Orlando Lawrence Enrico Fermi Clinton Joseph Davisson Sir George Paget Thomson ... Sir James Chadwick None Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Werner Karl Heisenberg None Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie Sir Owen Willans Richardson Arthur Holly Compton Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Jean Baptiste Perrin James Franck Gustav Ludwig Hertz Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn Robert Andrews Millikan ... Albert Einstein Charles Eduard Guillaume Johannes Stark Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck Charles Glover Barkla None Sir William Henry Bragg Sir William Lawrence Bragg Max Theodor Felix von Laue Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ... Guglielmo Marconi Gabriel Jonas Lippmann Albert Abraham Michelson Sir Joseph John Thomson Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) ... Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen Donated by Christopher Walker, University of Ulster

39. Hall Of Scientists & Inventors Alfred nobel. Alfred nobel. Louis Pasteur. Linus Pauling. Waldo Semon. Irwin Shaw.Robert Sherwood. william B shockley. william B shockley. Percy L Spencer. http://www.virtualology.com/virtualsciencecenter.com/hallofscientists/

You are in: Virtual Museum of Science "The opposite of a correct statement is a false statement. But the opposite of a profound truth may well be another profound truth." — Niels Bohr. Robert Fulton Andrew Alford Luis Walter Alvarez André Marie Ampère ... Carl Gustav Yung 2000 by Virtualology TM . All rights reserved. Virtualology TM Search: About Us e-mail us Editing Sponsor Editing Sponsors review and select all student work for publishing. To learn more about our editing sponsor program click here. Published Students Primary Secondary College Graduate ... Technical

40. William Shockley: Still Controversial, After All These Years: 10/02 About 30 colleagues of william shockley, who came to Stanford in 1963 as a professorof electrical engineering and shockley was awarded the nobel Prize in http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/02/shockley1023.html

more search options CONTACT: Dawn Levy, News Service: (650) 725-1944, dawnlevy@stanford.edu William Shockley: Still controversial, after all these years About 30 colleagues of William Shockley, who came to Stanford in 1963 as a professor of electrical engineering and died in 1989, met Friday at the Center for Integrated Systems (CIS) to honor the co-inventor of the transistor. Shockley was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for that accomplishment in 1956, but later in his career publicized views on race, intelligence and eugenics that made him a leper among laureates. The group, whose members largely worked in Shockley's startup company before the inventor came to Stanford, has met on and off since 1956 to reminisce about Shockley's role in sparking the information technology revolution. "Shockley is the man who brought silicon to Silicon Valley," said meeting organizer and CIS building designer Jacques Beaudouin. Shockley left Bell Labs in Murray Hill, N.J., in 1955 and headed west, convinced that germanium was not the material of choice for making miniature electrical switches. The material was electrically "leaky" and didn't perform well in heat. Five miles from campus, at 391 San Antonio Road in Mountain View, Shockley established Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. The site is now home to a furniture store whose sidewalk bears a plaque in part stating: "At this location in 1956, Dr. William Shockley started the first silicon device research and manufacturing company in the valley. The individuals that gathered to work at this site went on to form the pioneering Silicon Valley startup company, Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, and invent the first practicable integrated circuit."

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