21. CNN - The 1997 Nobel Prizes stanley B. prusiner, biologist and professor, University of from the selection committee stanley prusiner's discovery provides Scientist Wins nobel Prize for http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1997/nobel.prize/stories/science.profiles/

Main Page Peace Prize Sciences Literature ... Forums Profiles of the Science Laureates T he Nobel prizes for scientific achievements are among the most coveted awards in the world. This year, nine men will receive $1 million prizes in chemistry, physics, economics and medicine. The winners include six Americans, one Frenchman, one Briton and one Dane. Medicine Chemistry Physics Economics Medicine Laureate: Stanley B. Prusiner, biologist and professor, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco Selected by: The Karolinska Institute Honored for: Discovery of "prions," biological agents believed to be responsible for brain-wasting conditions such as "mad cow disease" Comment from the selection committee: "Stanley Prusiner's discovery provides important insights that may furnish the basis to understand the biological mechanisms underlying other types of dementia-related diseases, for example Alzheimer's disease, and establishes a foundation for drug development and new types of medical treatment strategies. Related stories and sites: CNN - American Scientist Wins Nobel Prize for Medicine - October 6, 1997

22. Scientist Of The Month stanley B prusiner by Peter Ellis. It is nearly thirty years since stanley prusinerbecame interested in CJD the work for which he received the nobel Prize for http://www.longman.co.uk/tt_secsci/resources/scimon/may01/prusin.htm

Stanley B Prusiner by Peter Ellis Many people today are wary of eating beef because they fear that they may catch CJD, the human form of "mad-cow disease". News from France and Germany admitting that BSE (the scientific name of the disease) is present in cattle in those countries means that the problem will remain in public view. It is nearly thirty years since Stanley Prusiner became interested in CJD and related illnesses and started the work for which he received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1997. To San Francisco A strange disease One of the first patients Stanley met was suffering from Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD). This distressing illness slowly destroys the memory of the sufferer stopping them from carrying out even simple tasks. The fatal disease was thought to be caused by a slow acting virus. Stanley's interest grew when he found that there were other similar diseases in humans and animal. The Fore people of New Guinea suffered from "kuru", the laughing death, because they ceremonially ate the brains of their elders. Scrapie caused sheep and goats to lose coordination and develop an itch, which they scraped at so losing their wool or hair. All these diseases resulted in parts of the brain becoming spongy the nerve cells replaced by holes.

23. American Wins Nobel In Medicine researcher Dr. stanley B. prusiner, left, shakes hands with former Israeli PresidentEzer Weizman in Jerusalem. prusiner was named winner of the nobel Prize in http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/world/nobel106/

Research Led to Discovery of Disease-Causing Proteins American Wins the Nobel RELATED STORIES Three Win Physics Nobel Economics Nobel Honors Options Industry Peace Prizewinner Lashes Out Italian Playwright Wins Nobel Lit. Prize ... Nobel Process Kept Secret WORLD NEWS added E-mail ABCNEWS.com AWARDS GIVEN Dario Fo Stanley B. Prusiner International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and Jody Williams Robert C. Merton and Myron S. Scholes Steven Chu, William D. Phillips and Claude Cohen- Tannoudji Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker and Jens C. Skou Prions are believed to cause a group of degenerative brain diseases, including so-called mad cow disease Nobel Prize Internet Archive http://www.almaz. com/nobel/ American researcher Dr. Stanley B. Prusiner, left, shakes hands with former Israeli President Ezer Weizman in Jerusalem. Prusiner was named winner of the Nobel Prize in medicine (Mati/AP Photo) By Jim Heintz The Associated Press STOCKHOLM, Sweden, Oct. 6 The finding was controversial because prions, unlike other germs, contain no genetic material; they are simply proteins. Prions are believed to cause a group of degenerative brain diseases, including so-called mad cow disease. Last year, the British government warned that cattle with so-called mad cow disease were the most likely cause of a variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in people. The cattle were believed to have eaten contaminated sheep offal.

24. Three Win Physics Nobel Dario Fo stanley B. prusiner International Campaign to D. Phillips, Steven Chu, andFrench scientist Claude CohenTannoudji were awarded the nobel Prize in http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/world/nobelscience1015/

Cooled and Trapped Atoms With Laser Light Three Win Physics Nobel RELATED STORIES Three Win Chemistry Nobel Economics Nobel Honors Options Industry Peace Prizewinner Lashes Out Italian Playwright Wins Nobel Lit. Prize ... Alfred Nobel: a Biography WORLD NEWS added E-mail ABCNEWS.com AWARDS GIVEN Dario Fo Stanley B. Prusiner International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and Jody Williams Robert C. Merton and Myron S. Scholes Steven Chu, William D. Phillips and Claude Cohen- Tannoudji Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker and Jens C. Skou American physicists (from left) William D. Phillips, Steven Chu, and French scientist Claude Cohen-Tannoudji were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for development of methods to trap and cool atoms. (AP Photo) ABCNEWS.com STOCKHOLM, Sweden , Oct. 15 ground-breaking experiments to cool and trap atoms with laser light. Steven Chu of Stanford University, William D. Phillips of the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology in Maryland and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji of France will share the $1 million awarded with the prize on Dec. 10. Type in a year (after 1900) and pick a category to see who won.

25. Scientific American: The 1997 Nobel Prizes Three of the new nobel laureates have previously published accounts of their researchin Scientific American. MEDICINE Prion Pioneer. stanley B. prusiner. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=00082ED3-9DE8-1C76-9B81809EC588EF21

26. Biographical Information For Stanley B. Prusiner stanley B. prusiner, MD, is a Professor of Neurology and Biochemistry at the Universityof California, San Dr. prusiner was awarded the 1997 nobel Prize in http://spot.colorado.edu/~gamow/george/1998bio.html

Stanley B. Prusiner Stanley B. Prusiner, M.D., is a Professor of Neurology and Biochemistry at the University of California, San Francisco. He received his undergraduate and medical training at the University of Pennsylvania and his postgraduate clinical training at UCSF. His research training began at the NIH as a member of the US Public Health Service in 1969. He returned to UCSF in 1972 to complete his clinical training in Neurology before joining the faculty in 1974. Editor of eight books and author of over 200 articles, Prusiner's contributions to scientific research have been internationally recognized. Prusiner is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as well as the Royal Society, London. Dr. Prusiner was awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology. Dr. Prusiner discovered an entirely new class of pathogens that replicate without nucleic acid. Through this work, he created a new field of research that has resulted in significant progress in understanding degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (ONS). His revolutionary studies have made conceptual advances in elucidating mechanisms of age-dependent ONS diseases. For several decades, the prevailing concept was that the transmissible CNS disease scrapie was caused by a slow-acting virus. Prusiner proposed what many scientists considered to be the heretical idea that the scrapie agent, which he called "prion," is composed only of protein and is devoid of nucleic acid. His incisive experiments demonstrated how an infectious pathogen lacking nucleic acid can multiply and cause CNS degeneration.

27. Scout Report Archives: Home The nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute Has Today Decided to Award the nobelPrize in Physiology or Medicine for 1997 to stanley B. prusiner for His http://scout.wisc.edu/archives/SRA--FullRecord.php?RecordID=5847&Debug=

28. Scout Report Archives: Home 1. The nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute Has Today Decided to Award thenobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1997 to stanley B. prusiner for His http://scout.wisc.edu/archives/SRA--LCSHSearch.php?SubjectID=3163

29. Stanley B. Prusiner - Wikipedia Dr. stanley B. prusiner of UCSF was awarded the nobel Prize in physiology ormedicine in 1997 for his discovery of prions a class of infectious self http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Page history Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Stanley B. Prusiner From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Dr. Stanley B. Prusiner of UCSF was awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in for his discovery of prions a class of infectious self reproducing agents composed of protein. Edit this page Discuss this page Page history What links here ... Recent changes It was last modified 10:00 Feb 28, 2003. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Main Page Recent changes Random page ... Bug reports

30. Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine - Wikipedia Source http//www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/index.html. Eric F. Wieschaus 1996Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel 1997 stanley B. prusiner, for the http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize/Physiology_or_medicine

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Page history Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Other languages: Deutsch Dansk Nederlands Polski Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Redirected from Nobel Prize/Physiology or medicine Emil Adolf von Behring Ronald Ross Niels Ryberg Finsen ... Christiaan Eijkman , Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Karl Landsteiner Otto Heinrich Warburg Sir Charles Scott Sherrington Edgar Douglas Adrian Thomas Hunt Morgan George Hoyt Whipple ... Hans Spemann Sir Henry Hallett Dale Otto Loewi Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrapolt Corneille Jean François Heymans ... Herbert Spencer Gasser Sir Alexander Fleming Ernst Boris Chain , Sir Howard Walter Florey Hermann Joseph Muller Carl Ferdinand Cori Gerty Theresa , née Radnitz Cori, Bernardo Alberto Houssay Paul Hermann Müller Walter Rudolf Hess Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz ... Dickinson W. Richards

31. Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates - Biomedical Sciences Year, nobel Laureate, Country of birth. 1997, prusiner, stanley B. forhis discovery of Prions a new biological principle of infection , USA. http://www.science.co.il/Nobel-Biomedical.asp

Israel Science and Technology Homepage HOME Search About Contact Nobel Prize Subject Biomedical Chemistry Economics Physics ... Literature Sort options Country Name Year Order A - Z Z - A Show citation Yes No Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Biomedical Sciences Year Nobel Laureate Country of birth Brenner, Sydney "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death" South Africa Horvitz, H. Robert "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death" USA Greengard, Paul "signal transduction in the nervous system" USA Kandel, Eric R. "signal transduction in the nervous system" Austria Furchgott, Robert F. "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system" USA Prusiner, Stanley B. "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection" USA Gilman, Alfred G. "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" USA Rodbell, Martin "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" USA Varmus, Harold E.

32. Nobel Conference® XXXVII stanley B. prusiner 1997 nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine Universityof California School of Medicine, San Francisco, Neuroscience http://www.gustavus.edu/events/nobel/archive/2001/participants/prusiner.html

Stanley B. Prusiner 1997 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco Neuroscience researcher Stanley B. Prusiner won the 1997 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine "for his discovery of prions—a new biological principle of infection." His pioneering work had its genesis in 1972 when he encountered a patient who was dying of a so-called "slow virus" brain infection called Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Prusiner eventually identified an entirely new genre of disease-causing agents—which he named "prions"—that exist normally as cellular proteins but possess an innate capacity to convert their structures into highly stabile conformations resulting in several deadly brain diseases of the dementia type in humans and animals, including CJD, scrapie (a sheep disease), Gertsmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE—better known as "mad cow disease"). Download Photos for News/Media: PC or Macintosh 2001 Conference Participants Schedule Resources ... Gustavus Homepage Nobel Conference is a registered trademark of Gustavus Adolphus College.

33. The Gustavian Weekly: Nobel Conference Celebrates Century Of Discovery Mad Cows, Demented People, and the Biology of Prions stanley B. prusiner Universityof California School of Medicine, San Francisco 1997 nobel Laureate in http://www.gustavus.edu/news/weekly/01-02/03/news/nobel.html

September 28, 2001 Volume 112, Number 3 For more information about the Nobel Conference, visit www.gustavus.edu/nobel Home September 28 News Nobel Conference celebrates century of discovery Britta Olson Weekly Staff Writer The 37th annual Nobel Conference is not only recognizing past discoveries, but focusing on the future as well. This is made evident by its theme, "The Second Nobel Century: What is Still to Be Discovered?" This year marks the 100-year anniversary of the Nobel Prizes. "In commemorating this centennial, we hold high those persons who have been selected for their monumental contributions to society, and Alfred Nobel, whose foresight in preparing his last will and testament has afforded rewards for historic discovery," said Michael Sohlman, executive director of the Nobel Foundation. There are eight presenters, including Sir Harold W. Kroto. His presentation will be on "Science, a Round Peg in a Square World." He is from the University of Sussex in Brighton, England, and is the 1996 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry for his collaborative work and discovery of fullerenes new forms of the element carbon.

34. Nobel Laureate Stanley Prusiner To Speak At UI April 6 IOWA CITY, Iowa stanley B. prusiner, MD, recipient of the 1997 nobel Prize inPhysiology or Medicine, will deliver a lecture at 4 pm Thursday, April 6 at http://www.uiowa.edu/~ournews/2000/march/0327prusiner.html

CONTACT: DAVE PEDERSON 2130 Medical Laboratories Iowa City IA 52242 (319) 335-8032; fax(319) 335-8034 e-mail: david-pedersen@uiowa.edu Release: March 27, 2000 Nobel laureate Stanley Prusiner to speak at UI April 6 IOWA CITY, Iowa Stanley B. Prusiner, M.D., recipient of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, will deliver a lecture at 4 p.m. Thursday, April 6 at the University of Iowa Levitt Center for University Advancement. Prusiner's lecture, "Prions and the Brain," is a regional event sponsored by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. The lecture is free and open to UI faculty, students, staff and the public. Registration is recommended. To register, please call (319) 335-8064 or register via e-mail at iomregia@nas.edu. Prusiner is director of the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and professor of neurology and biochemistry at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). An editor of eight books and author of more than 250 research articles, Prusiner's contributions to scientific research have been internationally recognized. His Nobel Prize-winning research centered on his discovery of prions, protein particles that are considered to be the cause of various infectious diseases of the central nervous system, such as scrapie, "mad cow disease" and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Prusiner proposed what many scientists considered to be the heretical idea that prions are composed only of protein and are devoid of nucleic acid. Previously, scientists believed that transmissible central nervous system diseases were caused by slow-acting viruses. Prusiner's studies demonstrated how an infectious pathogen lacking nucleic acid could multiply and cause central nervous system degeneration. His work significantly changed the way scientists and physicians think about diseases of the central nervous system and may have profound implications for future biomedical research.

35. CV Of Stanley B. Prusiner October 6, 1997 nobel LAUREATE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE 1997 CURRICULUMVITAE, Larger image. stanley B prusiner, born May 28, 1942. http://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/oldnobel/announcement-97/med-cv.html

October 6, 1997 NOBEL LAUREATE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE 1997 CURRICULUM VITAE Larger image STANLEY B PRUSINER , born May 28, 1942 Address: Department of Neurology , HSE-781, University of California School of Medicine , San Francisco, CA 94143-0518, USA Academic Education: A.B. (cum laude), University of Pennsylvania, The College M.D., University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA Internship in Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA Residency in Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA Appointments and Professional Activities: Assistant Professor of Neurology in Residence, Univ of California, SF Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF Assistant Professor of Virology in Residence, UC, Berkeley Associate Professor of Neurology in Residence, UCSF Associate Professor of Neurology, UCSF Associate Professor of Virology in Residence, UC, Berkeley Professor of Neurology, UCSF Professor of Virology in Residence, UC, Berkeley Professor of Biochemistry, UCSF Major Honors and Awards: Potamkin Prize for Alzheimer's Disease Research, American Academy of Neurology, 1991

36. Press Release: The Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine For 1997 the nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1997. to. stanley B. prusiner.for his discovery of. Prions a new biological principle of infection. http://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/oldnobel/announcement-97/medicine97.html

Karolinska Institutet Press Release October 6, 1997 The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute has today decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1997 to Stanley B. Prusiner for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection Shockwave animation Summary The prize winning research was initiated 25 years ago The infectious prion particle forms within the body o C). With time, non-symptomatic incubation periods vary from months to years, the disease-causing PrPSc can accumulate to levels that result in brain tissue damage. In analogy to a well known literary work, the normal PrPc can be compared to the friendly Dr. Jekyll and the disease causing PrPSc to the dangerous Mr. Hyde, the same entity but in two different manifestations. Mutations in the prion gene cause hereditary brain diseases Structural variant disease-causing prions accumulate in different regions of the brain Specific mutations within the prion gene give rise to structurally variant disease-causing prion proteins. These structural prion variants accumulate in different regions of the brain. Dependent upon the region of the brain that becomes infected, different symptoms, typical for the particular type of disease are evident. When the cerebellum is infected the ability to coordinate body movements declines. Memory and mental acuity are affected if the cerebral cortex is infected. Thalamus specific prions disturb sleep leading to insomnia, and prions infecting the brain stem primarily affect body movement.

37. Upcoming Highlights (UCSF History: Chapter 6 - End Of A Century, Beginning Of A pediatrics, and seventh in family medicine. UCSF has three nobel laureateson the faculty J. Michael Bishop; stanley B. prusiner; http://www.library.ucsf.edu/ucsfhistory/chapter6/

Upcoming Highlights This section of the history of UCSF is currently under development. See highlights of what will be coming below: The 1990s were a decade of recognition and honors for the campus, but major shifts in the economy of health care created new challenges for UCSF. Honors and Awards: 1997: Nobel Prize in Medicine won by Stanley Prusiner for prion research. In the 1998 nationwide ratings of medical schools compiled by US News and World Report, UCSF ranked sixth. It was the highest rated public university medical school. UCSF ranked in the top ten in 6 of 8 specialty programs evaluated. It ranked first in AIDS, second in women's health, second in drug and alcohol programs, third in internal medicine, fourth in pediatrics, and seventh in family medicine. UCSF has three Nobel laureates on the faculty: J. Michael Bishop Stanley B. Prusiner Harold Varmus Lasker Award recipients: J. Michael Bishop Herbert Boyer John Clements Yuet Wai Kan Stanley B. Prusiner Harold Varmus Gardner Award winners: Elizabeth Blackburn J. Michael Bishop

38. Prusiner Wins Horwitz And Nobel Prizes. Columbia University Record, October 24, prusiner Wins Horwitz and nobel Prizes. On Oct. stanley prusiner. olumbia will awardthe 1997 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize to stanley B. prusiner, professor of http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol23/vol23_iss7/18.html

Where to Find It The Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center Web is available on the and Index pages of ColumbiaWeb VOL. 23, NO. 7 OCTOBER 24, 1997 Prusiner Wins Horwitz and Nobel Prizes On Oct. 23, Prusiner Will Speak about His Research on Toxic Proteins Stanley Prusiner olumbia will award the 1997 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize to Stanley B. Prusiner, professor of neurology and biochemistry at U.C.-San Francisco this Thursday (Oct. 23). Prusiner, winner of this year's Nobel Prize in Medicine, is to be honored for his groundbreaking work on prions, a protein capable of transmitting degenerative neurological diseases. The Horwitz Prize, established in 1967, is given annually for outstanding research in biology or biochemistry. Research previously recognized by other awards, such as the Nobel Prize, is not eligible. The Horwitz Prize committee selected Prusiner for the award in May. They have been linked to certain neurodegenerative disorders, such as bovine spongioform encephalitis (better known as "mad cow disease") and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which is similar to mad cow disease but occurs in humans. In these diseases, holes develop in the brain, resulting in dementia and, eventually, death. In England, more than 130,000 cows have been affected by mad cow disease since the 1980s. Scientists believe the cows were infected by a food supplement made of the meat and bone meal from sheep that had scrapi. Researchers are now investigating whether people who ate the contaminated beef subsequently developed mad cow disease.

39. Nobel Prize In Medicine Since 1901 prusiner, stanley B. 1997, prusiner, stanley B. http://www.planet101.com/nobel_medi_hist.htm

Nobel Prize in Medicine since 1901 Year Prize Winners Behring, Emil Adolf Von Ross, Sir Ronald Finsen, Niels Ryberg Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Koch, Robert Cajal, Santiago Ramon Y.; Golgi, Camillo Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse Ehrlich, Paul; Mechnikov, Ilya Ilyich Kocher, Emil Theodor Kossel, Albrecht Gullstrand, Allvar Carrel, Alexis Richet, Charles Robert Barany, Robert Bordet, Jules Krogh, Schack August Steenberger Hill, Sir Archibald Vivian; Meyerhof, Otto Fritz; Banting, Sir Frederick Grant; Macleod, John James Richard; Einthoven, Willem; Fibiger, Johannes Andreas Grib Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri Eijkman, Christiaan; Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland Landsteiner, Karl Warburg, Otto Heinrich Adrian, Lord Edgar Douglas; Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott Morgan, Thomas Hunt Minot, George Richards; Murphy, William Parry; Whipple, George Hoyt Spemann, Hans Dale, Sir Henry Hallett; Loewi, Otto Nagyrapolt, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Von Heymans, Corneille Jean Francois Domagk, Gerhard Dam, Henrik Carl Peter; Doisy, Edward Adelbert Erlanger, Joseph; Gasser, Herbert Spencer

40. Nobel Prize For Medicine nobel Prize for Medicine Name, Year, The Work. prusiner, stanley B., USA, 1997, for his discovery of Prions a new biological principle of infection . http://www.planet101.com/nobel_medicine.htm

Nobel Prize for Medicine Name Year The Work Leland H. Hartwell , USA R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt , Great Britain Sir Paul M. Nurse , Great Britain for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle" Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel signal transduction in the nervous system Günter Blobel , USA (born Germany) "proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell" Robert F Furchgott , USA Louis J Ignarro Ferid Murad "nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system" PRUSINER, STANLEY B., U.S.A "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection" DOHERTY, PETER C., Australia ZINKERNAGEL, ROLF M., Switzerland "for their discoveries concering the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence" LEWIS, EDWARD B., U.S.A NÜSSLEIN-VOLHARD, CHRISTIANE, Germany WIESCHAUS, ERIC F., U.S.A. "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development" GILMAN, ALFRED G., U.S.A

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