61. ClubCaminantes - Premios Nobel - Quimica, El Club De Los Caminantes Translate this page PREMIOS nobel, QUÍMICA. 1901-1925 1926-1950 1951-1975 1976-2000.1926. Heidelberg, Alemania. 1932. langmuir, irving (Estados Unidos). http://caminantes.metropoliglobal.com/web/nobel/quimica2.htm

Inicio Foros Chat Top 10 ... PREMIOS NOBEL Svedberg, Theodor (Suecia) Por su trabajo en sistemas dispersos. Universidad de Uppsala. Uppsala, Suecia Wieland, Heinrich O. (Alemania) Por sus investigaciones acerca de la constitución de los acidos biliares y sustancias relacionadas. Universidad de Munich. Alemania Windaus, Adolf (Alemania) Por su investigación acerca de la constitución de esteroides y su conexión con las vitáminas. Universidad de Goettingen. Goettingen, Alemania Euler-Chelpin, Hans von (Suecia) Por su investigación en la fermentación del azucar y las enzimas de la fermentación. Universidad de Estocolmo. Estocolmo, Suecia Harden, Arthur Por su investigación en la fermentación del azucar y las enzimas de la fermentación. Universidad de Londres. Gran Bretaña

62. IBM Research | Resources | News | Phaedon Avouris To Receive The Distinguished I 1964 by the General Electric Foundation as a memorial to and in recognition of theaccomplishments of irving langmuir, the recipient of the 1932 nobel Prize in http://www.research.ibm.com/resources/news/20030303_phaedon_avouris.shtml

Home My account Select a country IBM Home ... Feedback IBM Research News Phaedon Avouris to receive the distinguished Irving Langmuir Prize Biennial award praises Avouris's contribution to nanostructures Dr. Phaedon Avouris, the manager of nanoscale science at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, has been awarded the distinguished Irving Langmuir Prize by the American Physical Society. This biennial award is given to one person who has made an outstanding contribution in the field of chemical physics or physical chemistry within the ten years prior to the prize. According to APS , Dr. Avouris was chosen as the 2003 recipient of this prize for his "fundamental pioneering contributions to nanostructures and atomic-scale phenomena at surfaces." The award will be presented to Dr. Avouris at the APS Awards Program in Austin, Texas on March 3. The society has awarded the prize since it was established in 1964 by the General Electric Foundation as a memorial to and in recognition of the accomplishments of Irving Langmuir , the recipient of the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

63. Guide To The Hans Bethe Papers, Ca. 1931-1995 for 1980; and correspondence received when Bethe won the nobel Prize. A. DuBridge,George Gamow, R. Clifton Gibbs, Emil J. Konopinski, irving langmuir, Ernest O http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMA00976.html

Guide to the Hans Bethe Papers, ca. 1931-1995 Collection Number: 14-22-976 Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections Cornell University Library Contact Information: Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections 2B Carl A. Kroch Library Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853 Fax: (607) 255-9524 rareref@cornell.edu http://rmc.library.cornell.edu Compiled by: M.E. Warren, M. Blanco, J. Parker Date completed: November 1996 (revised January 1998) EAD encoding: Mireille Lee, June 2000 DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARY Title: Hans Bethe papers, [ca. 1931]-1992 Collection Number: Creator: Hans Albrecht Bethe, 1906- Quantity: 44.4 cubic ft.; 6 videocassettes Forms of Material: Academic papers, notes, correspondence, administrative documents, course materials, reports, memoranda, phonograph album, articles, reprints, lectures, textbooks, reviews of professional writings, Ph.D. theses, posters, videocassettes, photographs. Repository: Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library

64. Famous Colloid & Interface Scientists langmuir, irving (18811957) A chemist and the founder of the langmuir adsorptionisotherm and langmuir (a scientific He was awarded the nobel Prize (1932) in http://www.ucalgary.ca/~schramm/biogrs.htm

Alphabetical Listing A- B C -D- E F G H -I-J- K L M -N-O- P -Q- R S T -U- V -W-X- Y Z Suggestions for inclusion ? Blodgett ... Suggestions for inclusion ? Blodgett, Katharine (Burr) An industrial physicist and physical chemist who is known for her work in surface chemistry. She is especially known for her work in monomolecular and multilayer films (termed "Blodgett films") and her invention of non-reflecting ("invisible") glass, which is used in optical instruments. Brown, Robert Although primarily a botanist, Brown is known to colloid science for his 1827 discovery that dispersed particles in water move about randomly, even when the water itself appears motionless. The phenomenon, explained later by others, is due to bombardments of the particles by water molecules and is known as Brownian motion. Coulter, Wallace An electrical engineer best known as the discoverer of the Coulter principle, a sensing-zone method for automatically counting and sizing microscopic particles suspended in a liquid. He developed this into the "Coulter Counter" which was first applied to the complete blood count diagnostic test, and later applied to other colloids in a variety of other industries. Einstein, Albert

65. Click Here langmuir, irving. langmuir, irving (18811957), American chemist and nobel laureate,known for his work in many phases of chemistry, theoretical and applied. http://www.freegk.com/nobel/Langmuir.php

Langmuir, Irving Langmuir, Irving (1881-1957), American chemist and Nobel laureate, known for his work in many phases of chemistry, theoretical and applied. Langmuir was born in Brooklyn, New York, and educated at Columbia University and the University of Gottingen.For his work on monomolecular films and surface chemistry he was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize for chemistry. Back MakeThreeColumnList('hs0263860', 6, '#FFFFFF', 2, '#ffcc00', '#0000FF', 'black', '185'); Home Greeting Cards Privacy About Us ... info@freegk.com

66. Click Here Click Here. nobel Prize Winners. Chemistry. YEAR, WINNER. 1931, Bergius, FriedrichKR (Ger) Bosch, Carl (Ger). 1932, langmuir, irving (US). 1933, Not Awarded. http://www.freegk.com/nobel/chemistry.php

Nobel Prize Winners Chemistry YEAR WINNER Van't Hoff, Jacobus H. (Neth) Fischer, Emil H. (Ger) Arrhenius, Svante A. (Sw) Ramsay, Sir William (UK) ... Willstätter, Richard (Ger) Not awarded Not awarded Haber, Fritz (Ger) Nernst, Walther H. (Ger) Soddy, Frederick (UK) Aston, Francis W. (UK) ... Pregl, Fritz (Aust) Not Awarded Zsigmondy, Richard (Ger) Svedberg, Theodor (Sw) Wieland, Heinrich O. (Ger) Windaus, Adolf (Ger) ... Langmuir, Irving (US) Not Awarded Urey, Harold C. (US) Joliot-Curie, Irene(Fr) Joliot-Curie, Frédéric (Fr) Debye, Peter Joseph W. (Neth) ... Ruzicka, Leopold (Switz) Not awarded Not awarded Not awarded Hevesy, Georg de (Hung) Hahn, Otto (Ger) Virtanen, Artturi I. (Fin) Sumner, James B. (US) ... Back MakeThreeColumnList('hs0263860', 6, '#FFFFFF', 2, '#ffcc00', '#0000FF', 'black', '185'); Home Greeting Cards Privacy About Us ... info@freegk.com

67. NOBEL KÝMYA ÖDÜLLERÝ nobel KIMYA ÖDÜLLERI. 1901. VAN’T HOFF, JACOBUS. HENRICUS. 1932. langmuir,irving, ABD. General Electric Co., Schenectady, NY, d. 1881, ö. 1957 http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/nobel/kimya-nodul.html

NOBEL KÝMYA ÖDÜLLERÝ VAN’T HOFF, JACOBUS HENRICUS Hollanda, Berlin Üniversitesi, Almanya, d. 1852, ö. 1911: “Kimyasal dinamiðin ve çözeltilerde ozmotik basýnçlarýn yasalarýný bularak saðladýðý üstün hizmetleri için” FISCHER, HERMANN EMIL Almanya, Berlin Üniversitesi, d. 1852, ö. 1919: “Þeker ve purin senteziyle ilgili çalýþmalarýyla verdiði üstün hizmetler için” ARRHENIUS, SVANTE AUGUST Ýsveç, Stokholm Üniversitesi, d. 1859, ö. 1927: “Çözünmenin elektrolitik kuramýný ortaya koyarak kimyanýn geliþmesine saðladýðý üstün hizmetler için” RAMSAY, Sir WILLIAM Ýngiltere, Londra Üniversitesi, d. 1852, ö. 1916: “Havadaki soy elementlerin keþfi ve bunlarýn periyodik tablodaki yerlerini saptayýþýyla verdiði üstün hizmetler için” VON BAEYER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF Almanya, Münih Üniversitesi, d. 1835, ö. 1917: “Organik boyalar ve hidroaromatik bileþikler konusundaki çalýþmalarýyla organik kimya ve kimya endüstrisinin geliþmesine saðladýðý üstün hizmetler için” MOISSAN, HENRI Fransa, Sorbonne Üniversitesi, Paris, d. 1852, ö. 1907: “Flor elementine iliþkin araþtýrmalarý, bu elementi ayrýþtýrýþý ve adýný taþýyan fýrýn ile ilgili çalýþmalarý için”

68. Bilimin öncüleri Donald W KIRCHHOFF, Gustav Robert - KOSSEL, Walther - KURCHATOV, Igor VasilevichL- langmuir, irving (Lenmiyue) - LAUE nobel ÖDÜLÜ KAZANAN BILIM ADAMLARI. http://www.kimyaokulu.com/bilimin onculeri/bilimin onculeri.htm

BÝLÝMÝN ÖNCÜLERÝ Bilim dünyasýna hizmet etmiþ bilim adamlarýnýn kýsa hayat hikayeleri, bilim dünyasýna kazandýrdýklarý, gaflarý, bilinmeyen yönleri... BÝYOGRAFÝ Ali Rýza Berkem Cabir Bin Hayyan Dimitri Ývanoviç Mendeleyev Tanýmadýðýmýz Einstein ... Oktay Sinanoðlu BÝLÝME KÝM NE KATKIDA BULUNDU (KISA-KISA YAPTIÐI ÇALIÞMALAR) Aþaðýda listesi verilen bilim adamlarý ile ilgili bilgileri incelemek için týklayýnýz A B CÇ ... T UÜ W V Y Z A- ANDERSON, Cari David - ARISTOTELE (Aristoteles, Aristo) - ASTON, Francis William - AVOGADRO, Lorenzo Romano Amadeo Graf B- BALMER, Johann Jakob - BECQUEREL, Henri Antoine - BETHE, Hans Albrecht - BOHR, Niels Henrik David - BORN, Max - BÖYLE, Robert - BROGLIE, Louis - Victor de - BUNSEN, Robert Wilhelm CÇ CHADWICK, James - COMPTON, Arthur Holly - COULOMB, Charles Augustin de - CURIE, Marie - CURlE, Pierre D- DALTON, John - DAVISSON, Clinton Joseph - DEMOCRITUS - DIRAC, Paul Adrien Maurice

69. Premi Nobel Per La Chimica langmuir irving; WaltherHermann; Newlands John Alexander Reina; Newton Issac; nobel Alfred; nobel http://www.itchiavari.org/chimica/tabelle/biografie.html

Biografie di Chimici Alder Kurt Anfinsen Christian B Arrhenius Svante August Aston Francis William ... Home Page Istituto tecnico statale commerciale e per geometri di Chiavari (Genova - Italia)

70. Langmuir langmuir, irving (szül. új területeket tárt fel a kolloidok kutatásában ésa biokémiában; eredményeiért 1932ben elnyerte a kémiai nobel-díjat. http://www.kfki.hu/~cheminfo/hun/olvaso/bh/bh9/langmuir.html

71. Nobel Prize In Chemistry Since 1901 Translate this page nobel Prize in Chemistry since 1901 Year, Winners. 1901, Hoff, Jacobus HenricusVan't. 1902, Fischer, Hermann Emil. 1932, langmuir, irving. 1934, Urey, Harold Clayton. http://www.planet101.com/nobel_chemistry_hist.htm

Nobel Prize in Chemistry since 1901 Year Winners Hoff, Jacobus Henricus Van't Fischer, Hermann Emil Arrhenius, Svante August Ramsay, Sir William Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Von Moissan, Henri Buchner, Eduard Rutherford, Lord Ernest Ostwald, Wilhelm Wallach, Otto Curie, Marie Grignard, Victor; Sabatier, Paul Werner, Alfred Richards, Theodore William Willstatter, Richard Martin Haber, Fritz Nernst, Walther Hermann Soddy, Frederick Aston, Francis William Pregl, Fritz Zsigmondy, Richard Adolf Svedberg, The Wieland, Heinrich Otto Windaus, Adolf Otto Reinhold Euler-chelpin, Hans Karl August Von; Harden, Sir Arthur Fischer, Hans Bergius, Friedrich; Bosch, Carl Langmuir, Irving Urey, Harold Clayton Joliot, Frederic; Joliot-Curie, Irene Debye, Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus Haworth, Sir Walter Norman; Karrer, Paul Kuhn, Richard Butenandt, Adolf Friedrich Johann; Ruzicka, Leopold De Hevesy, George Hahn, Otto Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari Northrop, John Howard; Stanley, Wendell Meredith; Sumner, James Batcheller Robinson, Sir Robert Tiselius, Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Giauque, William Francis

72. Irving Langmuir irving langmuir. (Brooklyn, New York, United States, 31.1.1881 Falmouth,Massachusetts, United States, 16.8.1957). nobel Prize (Chemistry 1932). http://www.stat.unipd.it/~mgri/solvay/langmuir.html

Irving Langmuir (Brooklyn, New York, United States, 31.1.1881 - Falmouth, Massachusetts, United States, 16.8.1957) Nobel Prize (Chemistry 1932)

73. Nobel Prizes In Chemistry A listing of nobel Prize winners in chemistry from 1901 to 1999.Category Science Chemistry History......Deutsche Version; nobel Prize for Chemistry (with pictures). 0827 - 1940-04-26)Development of chemical high-pressure processes 1932 irving langmuir (USA, 1881 http://userpage.chemie.fu-berlin.de/diverse/bib/nobel_chemie_e.html

Nobel Prizes in Chemistry Deutsche Version Nobel Prize for Chemistry (with pictures) Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (Netherlands, 1852-08-30 - 1911-03-01) Discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and of the osmotic pressure in solutions Emil H. Fischer (Germany, 1852-10-09 - 1919-07-15) Synthetic studies in the area of sugar and purine groups Svante A. Arrhenius (Sweden, 1859-02-19 - 1927-10-02) Theory of electrolytic dissociation Sir William Ramsay (United Kingdom, 1852-10-02 - 1916-07-23) Discovery of the indifferent gaseous elements in air (noble gases) Adolf von Baeyer (Germany, 1835-10-31 - 1917-08-20) Organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds Henri Moissan (France, 1852-09-28 - 1907-02-20) Investigation and isolation of the element fluorine Eduard Buchner (Germany, 1860-05-20 - 1917-08-13) Biochemical studies, discovery of fermentation without cells Sir Ernest Rutherford (United Kingdom, 1871-08-30 - 1937-10-19) Decay of the elements, chemistry of radioactive substances Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany, 1853-09-02 - 1932-04-04) Catalysis, chemical equilibria and reaction rates

74. ACS Journal Archive Timeline the Chemical Bond. , 1932, irving langmuir awarded nobel Prize fordiscoveries and investigations in surface chemistry. 1934, Harold C http://pubs.acs.org/ncw/timeline_bottom.html

American Chemical Society founded on April 6, 1876, at the College of Pharmacy of the City of New York (now New York University). By year's end, ACS had a total of 35 members. Antoine-Henri Becquerel The Relation of Physical Chemistry to Physics and Chemistry J. H. van't Hoff; J. Phys. Chem.; (376 kb PDF) Electrolytic Dissociation. Svante Arrhenius; J. Am. Chem. Soc.; (677 kb PDF) Marie Curie First Report of the Committee on Atomic Weights of the International Union of Chemistry J. Am. Chem. Soc.; (529 kb PDF) Irving Langmuir Forces Near the Surfaces of Molecules Irving Langmuir; Chem. Rev.; (1370 kb PDF) Linus Pauling The Nature of the Chemical Bond. IV. The Energy of Single Bonds and the Relative Electronegativity of Atoms Linus Pauling; J. Am. Chem. Soc.; (552 kb PDF) More articles by Pauling... Melvin Calvin The Photosynthetic Cycle. CO Dependent Transients A. T. Wilson, M. Calvin; J. Am. Chem. Soc.; (969 kb PDF) The Conductance of Symmetrical Electrolytes. I. Potential of Total Force Raymond M. Fuoss, Lars Onsager; J. Phys. Chem.;

75. Langmuir irving langmuir´s work led two major inventions the Born in Brooklyn, New York,langmuir was educated Germany, where he studied under nobel laureate Walther http://www.ev-stift-gymn.guetersloh.de/massmedia/timeline/langmuir.html

Irving Langmuir Born January 31, 1881 - Died August 16, 1957 Incandescent Electric Lamp Born in Brooklyn, New York, Langmuir was educated in the public schools of New York and Paris, France. He earned a B.S. from the Columbia University School of Mines and a Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Gottingen in Germany, where he studied under Nobel laureate Walther Nernst. His first professional position was as an instructor of chemistry at Stevens Institute in Hoboken, New Jersey, from 1906 to 1909. From there he moved to the General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady, New York. What began as a summer job blossomed into a career with the company that lasted the rest of his life. While at G.E., Langmuir received 63 patents and was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, as well as numerous other honors. His initial research at General Electric involved low-pressure chemical reactions and the study of the emission of electrons by hot filaments in a vacuum. This work led directly to the invention of the high-vacuum electron tube in 1912 and the gas-filled incandescent lamp in 1913. Langmuir was responsible for many basic scientific discoveries which played a fundamental role in the development of commercial electrical products as well as in military and general scientific areas. His contributions to atomic theory and the understanding of atomic structure threw light upon the meaning of isotopes. His experiments with oil films on water resulted in the development of two-dimensional or surface chemistry.

76. Irving Langmuir (1881-1957) Translate this page irving langmuir (1881-1957). especial à Quimica das superfícies, formulando o princípioda acção superficial, que lhe mereceu o Prémio nobel da Química http://www.if.ufrj.br/teaching/biog/b0024.html

Irving Langmuir (1881-1957) Cientista norte-americano nascido em Brooklyn, Nova Iorque, a 31 de Janeiro de 1881 e falecido no Massachussets a 16 de Agosto de 1957. Estudou na Universidade de Columbia, dedicando-se à investigação na General Electric Co. entre 1909 e 1950. Dedicou um interesse especial à Quimica das superfícies, formulando o princípio da acção superficial, que lhe mereceu o Prémio Nobel da Química em 1932. Inventou as lâmpadas eléctricas em atmosfera gasosa, mediu a temperatura de fusão dos sólidos refractários e descobriu o hidrogénio atómico. Como resultado das suas investigações sobre a cinética das reacções gasosas e em especial sobre a velocidade de adsorção das moléculas dos gases a baixas pressões, deduziu a isotérmica de adsorção a que foi dado o seu nome. Ocupou-se ainda da produção de chuva artificial (1946).

77. Researcher Mostafa El-Sayed Tapped For Nation's Top Prize In Physical Chemistry research in chemistry and physics. Its namesake, irving langmuir, earnedthe 1932 nobel Prize in Chemistry. His work on filaments in http://www.gatech.edu/news-room/archive/news_releases/mostafa_el_sayed.html

For more information contact: Sean Selman, Media Relations Specialist (404) 894-7460 or sean.selman@icpa.gatech.edu ATLANTA (September 27, 2001) Regents Professor Mostafa A. El-Sayed, the Julius Brown Professor in the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the Georgia Institute of Technology, is to receive the 2002 Irving Langmuir Award in Chemical Physics, the nation's highest prize in that field. Regents Professor Mostafa A. El-Sayed 300dpi JPEG download = 864 KB Professor El-Sayed, director of Georgia Tech's Laser Dynamics Laboratory, is one of the top physical scientists in the world. He earned the Langmuir Award for his work using short-burst lasers to study the transportation of electrons within different materials, including semi-conductor and metallic nanoparticles and photosynthetic systems. "I feel so honored to receive this award," El-Sayed said. "I am especially pleased because it is given for a body of work rather than one specific thing. I came to Georgia Tech specifically because they allowed me to create the laser dynamics lab. Seven of the 10 years I have spent conducting this research have been here at Tech." The 2002 Irving Langmuir Award sponsored by The General Electric Fund and the General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center will be given to El-Sayed by the American Chemical Society (ACS), a non-profit organization founded in 1876. With a membership of almost 159,000 chemists, chemical engineers and other practitioners of the chemical sciences, the ACS is the world's largest scientific society.

78. Chemistry Highlights - What Happened And When? nobel Prize 1930. langmuir, irving (18811957) Fundamental research on surfacechemistry, monomolecular films, emulsion chemistry. nobel Prize 1932. http://www.chemistry.co.nz/chronology.htm

Previous Level Chemistry Defined [ Time Capsule ] Famous Scientists Acids and Bases Redox Reactions Equations ... Links What Happened and When? A Chronology of Notable Achievements Democritus (465 BC) First to conceive matter in the form of particles, which he called atoms. Alchemists (about 1000-1650) Attempted to (1) change lead and other base metals to gold; (2) discover a universal solvent; and (3) discover a life-prolonging elixir. Used plant products and arsenic compounds to treat diseases. Boyle, Sir Robert (1637-1691) Formulated fundamental gas laws. First to conceive the possibility of small particles combining to form molecules; distinguished between compounds and mixtures; studied air and water pressures, desalination, crystals and electrical phenomena. Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804) Discovered oxygen, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide. Scheele, C.W. (1742-1786) Discovered chlorine, tartaric acid, sensitivity of silver compounds to light (photochemistry); and oxidation of metals. Le Blanc, Nicholas (1742-1806)

79. CELEBRITES 2 Translate this page langmuir irving. Chimiste et physicien américain. Il a aussi perfectionné la techniquedes tubes électroniques. En 1932, il a reçu le prix nobel. Lao-tseu. http://pages.infinit.net/savoir/celebre/jkl.htm

Jackson John Hughlings Jacobi Carl Jacquard Joseph-Marie Janssen Jules ... Jung Carl Gustav Jackson John Hughlings Jacobi Carl Jacquard Joseph-Marie Augustinus Janssen Jules Jaspers Karl Psychologie des conceptions du monde en 1919 et en 1957. Jenner Edward Joule James Prescott Jung Carl Gustav intraverti et extraverti Psychologie et religion (1939) et Psychologie et alchimie Kandinsky Wassily Kant Emmanuel Kelvin William Thomson, lord Kepler Johannes ... Koch Robert Kandinsky Wassily Der Blaue Reiter Du spirituel dans l'art Kant Emmanuel Philosophe allemand. Il est né à Königsberg en 1724 et il y est mort en 1804. Il eut une profonde influence sur la philosophie au dix-neuvième siècle. Il a été influencé par Hume, Leibniz et Rousseau. Il place la raison au centre du monde. Il tente de répondre à plusieurs questions: "Que puis-je savoir?"; "Que dois-je faire?"; "Que puis-je espérer?". Il exposa ses théories dans Critique de la raison pure (1781) et Kelvin William Thomson, lord

80. A Brief, Nontechnical History Of Surface Chemistry Advances. langmuir and Katherine Blodgett irving langmuir, an industrial langmuir discoveredthat molecules in a monolayer He received the nobel Prize in Chemistry in http://www.research.vt.edu/resmag/sciencecol/surface_chem.html

Surface chemistry advances have come with collaboration and, even, gallantry List by Subject Science from Virginia Tech Research Division Virginia Tech Surface chemistry is the branch of chemistry that measures and analyzes the factors and forces that act at the surface of solids, liquids, and gases, or at the interfaces between two phases; such as the study of surface tension in liquids. Pline the Elder, Benjamin Franklin, and countless ships' cooks Aboard one of 96 ships traveling together from America to Europe in 1757, Franklin noticed that ships in back seemed to have smoother sailing than ships in the front. The captain explained with disdain that "The cooks have, I suppose, been just emptying their greasy water through the scuppers, which has greased the sides of those ships a little." Thus the study of biofilms began. Once in London, Franklin dropped a teaspoon of oil in Clapham Common Pond on a windy day and noted that it spread over half an acre, making it as smooth as glass. ( Reinacted in this photo by chemistry professor James Wightman on the Virginia Tech duck pond Lord Rayleign and Agnes Pockels We don't know what kind of oil Franklin used, or if he always used the same kind, but we have learned why it worked.

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