61. Alexander Fleming infections are treated. sir alexander fleming An excellent biographicallook at this nobel Prize winner. alexander fleming This http://britishhistory.about.com/cs/alexanderfleming/

zfp=-1 About History British History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with British History with James Appleyard Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects Before You Buy Top Picks Product Reviews Agricultural Rev ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Alexander Fleming and Penicillin Scottish physician Alexander Fleming was responsible for the discovery of the antibiotic penicillin. Alexander Fleming 1881-1955 This article provides an informative look at the life and work of Alexander Fleming. Bacteriologist Alexnader Fleming An excellent three page article that discusses Fleming's life and work and the accident that forever altered the way bacterial infections are treated. Sir Alexander Fleming An excellent biographical look at this Nobel Prize winner.

62. Nobel Prize Winners Of Scottish Ancestry V. Hill, 1922 John JR MacLeod, 1923 sir Frederick Banting, 1923 Edgar Douglas Adrian,1932 Thomas H. Morgan, 1933 sir alexander fleming, 1945 sir MacFarlane http://users.aol.com/scotspage/nobel.html

Literature Rudard Kipling, 1907 George Bernard Shaw, 1925 William Cuthbert Falkner, 1949 Bertrand Russell, 1950 Winston Churchill, 1953 John Steinbech, 1962 Chemistry Sir William Ramsay, 1904 Sir Ernest Rutherford, 1908 Irving Langmuir, 1932 Edwin H. McMillan, 1951 Linus C Pauling, 1954 Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, 1956 Sir Alexander Todd, 1957 John C. Kendrew, 1962 Robert B. Woodward, 1965 Robert S. Mulliken, 1966 Donald J. Cram, 1987 Physics Sir Joseph Thomson, 1906 Guglielmo Marconi, 1909 Robert A. Millkan, 1923 Charles T.R. Wilson, 1927 George P. Thomson, 1938 Walter H. Brattain, 1956 Kenneth Geddes Wilson, 1982 Norman F. Ramsey, 1989 Peace Theodore Roosevelt, 1906 Woodrow Wilson, 1919 Nicholas Murray Butler, 1931 Arthur Henderson, 1934 Lord John Boyd Orr, 1949 George C. Marshall, 1953 Linus C. Pauling, 1962 Physiology / Medicine Sir Ronald Ross, 1902 Archibald V. Hill, 1922 John J.R. MacLeod, 1923 Sir Frederick Banting, 1923 Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1932 Thomas H. Morgan, 1933 Sir Alexander Fleming, 1945 Sir MacFarlane Burnet, 1960

63. Premios Nobel De Medicina Premios nobel de Medicina. 1945, por el descubrimiento y aislamiento de la penincilina,Chain, sir Ernst Boris; fleming, sir alexander; Florey, Lord Howard Walter. http://fai.unne.edu.ar/biologia/nobeles/nobelmed.htm

Premios Nobel de Medicina Tema Ganador Behring, Emil Adolf Von Ross, Sir Ronald Finsen, Niels Ryberg Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Koch, Robert Cajal, Santiago Ramon Y.; Golgi, Camillo Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse Ehrlich, Paul; Metchnikoff, Ilya Ilyich Kocher, Emil Theodor Kossel, Albrecht Gullstrand, Allvar Carrel, Alexis Richet, Charles Robert Barany, Robert Bordet, Jules Krogh, Schack August Steenberger Hill, Sir Archibald Vivian; Meyerhof, Otto Fritz; Banting, Sir Frederick Grant; Macleod, John James Richard; Einthoven, Willem; Fibiger, Johannes Andreas Grib Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri Eijkman, Christiaan; Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland Landsteiner, Karl Warburg, Otto Heinrich Adrian, Lord Edgar Douglas; Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott Morgan, Thomas Hunt Minot, George Richards; Murphy, William Parry; Whipple, George Hoyt Spemann, Hans Dale, Sir Henry Hallett; Loewi, Otto Nagyrapolt, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Von Heymans, Corneille Jean Francois Domagk, Gerhard Dam, Henrik Carl Peter; Doisy, Edward Adelbert Erlanger, Joseph; Gasser, Herbert Spencer

64. Nobel For Medicine: All Laureates Hermann Joseph Muller 1945 sir alexander fleming, Ernst Boris Landsteiner 1929 ChristiaanEijkman, sir Frederick Gowland The nobel Prize A History of Genius http://www.popular-science.net/nobel/med-list.html

NOBEL Read More on the Nobel Prize: Nobel Minds 2001 Awards John Nash Women Nobel Prize ... Prize Amounts MINI ALMANAC Calendar Moon phase Popular Science Highlights: IG Nobel 2002 The invention of :-) West Nile Virus Asteroid Impact? ... Book: Russell Read also: Nobel Prize Women in Science : Their Lives, Struggles, and Momentous Discoveries by Sharon Bertsch McGrayne THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR MEDICINE: ALL WINNERS 2001 Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt, Paul M. Nurse 2000 Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel 1999 Günter Blobel 1998 Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner 1996 Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel 1995 Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus 1994 Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell 1993 Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp 1992 Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs

65. Australian Nobel Laureates - Florey And Penicillin d like to emphasise, first of all we didn't work with sir alexander fleming, I hardly fleming,Chain and Florey were jointly awarded the nobel Prize in http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/exhib/nobel/florey2.htm

'I'd like to emphasise, first of all we didn't work with Sir Alexander Fleming, I hardly knew him. Fleming's work was done ten years before the work in Oxford, but we just happened to to work on the substance that he discovered ... '[Also, the penicillin research] was not done because of the war, it was started before the war. This is another things that's stated, that we did this because of the war. This is not true at all.' In 1929 Florey and his colleague, Dr Ernest Chain decided to focus their research on this Penicillin . They discovered how to produce an effective and safe antibacterial agent from the raw mould juice and designed mass production methods - painstaking and extremely difficult work. In order to produce the raw mould juice, they had to grow huge amounts of the mould in order to extract the vitra broth that formed underneath it, which contained the Penicillin . It was not easy to keep the mould in a state that yielded the best results. Fortunately, Chain discovered that the process worked better on ice. Yet, after several months, they only had a single pinch of good quality Penicillin powder. This precious powder was tested on eight mice, with remarkable results, proving the effectiveness of

66. Slavní Vìdci Emil Hermann FISCHER Hans fleming sir alexander GAYLUSSAC August von StradonitzKREBS sir Hans Adolph NERNST Walter Friedrich Hermann nobel Alfred Bernhard http://www.volny.cz/michal_bachman/vedci.htm

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67. Laureatii Premiilor Nobel Americii. 1945, sir alexander fleming sir Ernst Boris Chain sir HowardWalter Florey, Marea Britanie Marea Britanie Marea Britanie. http://www.rotravel.com/medicine/nobel/r_laur.htm

ANUL NUMELE LAUREATULUI ÞARA Emil Adolf von Behring Germania Sir Ronald Ross Marea Britanie Niels Ryberg Finsen Danemarca Ivan Petrovici Pavlov Rusia Robert Koch Germania Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramon y Cajal Italia Spania Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran Franþa Paul Ehrlich Ilia Ilici Mecinikov Germania Rusia Emil Theodor Kocher Elveþia Albrecht Kossel Germania Allvar Gulistrand Suedia Alexis Carrel Statele Unite ale Americii Charles Robert Richet Franþa Robert Báráni Ungaria - Austria neacordat neacordat neacordat neacordat Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet Belgia Schack August Steenberg Krogh Danemarca neacordat Sir Archibald Vician Hill Otto Fritz Meyerhof Marea Britanie Germania Sir Frederick Grant Banting John James Richard MacLeod Canada Canada Willem Einthaven Olanda neacordat Johannes Andreas Grib Fibinger Danemarca Julius Wagner - Jauregg Austria Charles Jules Henri Nicolle Franþa Christiaen Eijkman Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Olanda Marea Britanie Karl Landsteiner Austria Otto Heinrich Warburg Germania Sir Charles Scott Sherrington Lord Edgar Douglas Adrian Marea Britanie Marea Britanie Thomas Hunt Morgan Statele Unite ale Americii George Hoyt Whipple George Richards Minot

68. Sir Alexander Fleming sir alexander fleming. Information sir alexander fleming was the inventor of penicillin.He discovered penicillin in the year, 1928. He was a bacteriologist. http://www.san-marino.k12.ca.us/~summer1/1997/cc/fleming.html

Sir Alexander Fleming Information Sir Alexander Fleming-winner of the 1945 Nobel Prize Penicillin Sir Alexander Fleming Penicillin was the first antibiotic drug and it was first used to cure soldiers in World War II. Penicillin is almost completely harmless, even in large doses. But the present for of penicillin has changed greatly because bacteria has made antibodies against this medicine. Alexander Fleming died in 1955. Return to the First Page Jonas Salk Marie Curie Albert Einstein ... Return to Summer School Period 1 Picture of Sir Alexander Fleming is from http://www.students.uiuc.edu/~suskin/fleming.html.

69. Sir Alexander Fleming - Britannia Biographies be accepted, and thus making fleming famous http://www.britannia.com/bios/fleming.html

Search Britannia Departments Travel History British Life Shopping Biographies British Monarchs Prime Ministers Great Scotsmen Biographies A - Z Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) It is so difficult to imagine a world without penicillin, the wonder drug that saves so many thousands of lives each year in every country of the world and that helps cure so many different diseases. Alexander Fleming, from Lockfield, Ayr was the man responsible for its discovery in 1928; thus he led the way for the widespread, universally accepted practice of antibiotic therapy for infectious diseases. Fleming graduated from London University Medical School in 1906. He continuing to research antibacterial substances that would prove non-toxic to human tissues while he was serving with the Royal Army Medical Corps in World War I. He later joined the staff of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1928. While working with staphylococcus bacteria, he happened to notice that a bacteria-free circle had grown around a growth of mold that had been contaminating a staph culture. He called the substance penicillin that had prevented the growth of the bacteria. His startling discovery was published in British Journal of Experimental Pathology. In addition to penicillin (which he did very little to promote), Fleming also discovered lysozyme, an anti-bacterial agent that is found in human tears and saliva. He received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1945 (along with Ernst Chain and Howard Florey, both of whose continued work had helped in the purification, testing and quantity production of penicillin, all of which was necessary for the drug to be accepted, and thus making Fleming famous.)

70. BBC - History - Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 - 1955) sir alexander fleming (1881 1955). sir alexander fleming flemingwas a farmer's son from Ayrshire in Scotland. He moved to London http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/fleming_alexander.shtml

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH FRIDAY 18th April 2003 Text only BBC Homepage History Topics ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 - 1955) Fleming was a farmer's son from Ayrshire in Scotland. He moved to London at the age of 13 and later trained as a doctor. In 1928 Fleming was research assistant to Sir Almroth Wright working on bacteria. He accidentally discovered a mould on a set of culture dishes, which were being used to grow the staphylococci germ (which turns wounds septic). Fleming noticed that where there was mould the germs had stopped developing. It was one of Fleming's colleagues who identified the mould as penicillin. Fleming subsequently tested the penicillin on animals, with no ill effects, and also used it to cure a colleague's eye infection. After his initial discovery, Fleming did little more than keep a supply of the mould and return to his routine work. It was the scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain who developed penicillin further. Florey and Chain were chiefly responsible for the research which led to its success as a drug, although Fleming took most of the credit for the discovery and its subsequent development. Fleming had discovered the first antibiotic. However, it was not until the research work of Florey and Chain that penicillin could be produced as a drug. At first supplies of penicillin were very limited, but by World War II it was being mass-produced by the American drugs industry, and given to all soldiers before active service.

71. A Science Odyssey: People And Discoveries: Alexander Fleming Detailed biographical sketch along with related activity. From PBS.Category Kids and Teens School Time Scientists fleming, alexander...... In recognition for his contribution, alexander fleming was knighted in1944. With Chain and Florey he was awarded the nobel Prize in 1945. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmflem.html

Alexander Fleming Alexander Fleming was born in a remote, rural part of Scotland. The seventh of eight siblings and half-siblings, his family worked an 800-acre farm a mile from the nearest house. The Fleming children spent much of their of time ranging through the streams, valleys, and moors of the countryside. "We unconsciously learned a great deal from nature," said Fleming. When their father died, Fleming's eldest brother inherited the running of the farm. Another brother Tom had studied medicine and was opening a practice in London. Soon, four Fleming brothers and a sister were living together in London. Alec, as he was called, had moved to London when he was about 14, and went to the Polytechnic School in Regent Street. Tom encouraged him to enter business. After completing school he was employed by a shipping firm, though he didn't much like it. In 1900, when the Boer War broke out between the United Kingdom and its colonies in southern Africa, Alec and two brothers joined a Scottish regiment. This turned out to be as much a sporting club as anything; they honed their shooting, swimming, and even water polo skills, but never went to the Transvaal. Soon after this, the Flemings' uncle died and left them each 250 pounds. Tom's medical practice was now thriving and he encouraged Alec to put his legacy toward the study of medicine. Fleming took top scores in the qualifying examinations, and had his choice of medical schools. He lived equally close to three different schools, and knowing little about them, chose St. Mary's because he had played water polo against them. In 1905 he found himself specializing as a surgeon for almost as random a reason. His switch to bacteriology was even more surprising: if he took a position as a surgeon, he would have to leave St. Mary's. The captain of St. Mary's rifle club knew that and was desperate to improve his team. Knowing that Fleming was a great shot he did all he could to keep him at St. Mary's. He worked in the Inoculation Service and he convinced Fleming to join his department in order to work with its brilliant director and to join the rifle club. Fleming would stay at St. Mary's for the rest of his career.

72. Protagonistas Del Siglo XX - La Nación Digital Translate this page En 1945, fleming recibió, junto con Florey y Chain, el premio nobel de Medicina.El sétimo de ocho hermanos, alexander fleming nació en una aldea rural de http://www.nacion.co.cr/ln_ee/ESPECIALES/siglo/siglo7/siglo3.html

MIERCOLES 22 DE SETIEMBRE Portada Albert Einstein Alexander Fleming Marie Curie ... Andrei Sakharov ALEXANDER FLEMING Perspicacia en sobredosis Lo que vieron sus ojos un feliz día de 1928 dio sentido a muchos meses posteriores de investigación. El bacteriólogo británico Alexander Fleming llevaba ya buen rato buscando una sustancia para tratar las severas infecciones que acabaron con la vida de muchos soldados durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, cuando una capa de moho rodeada por un anillo de bacterias muertas lo hizo gritar "¡Eureka!". webmaster@nacion.co.cr

73. Alexander Fleming alexander fleming. alexander fleming. sir alexander fleming Winner of the 1945Nobel Prize in Medicine. Famous Scots sir alexander fleming. alexander fleming. http://cas.bellarmine.edu/microbial/fleming.htm

Alexander Fleming Alexander Fleming Sir Alexander Fleming Winner of the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine Famous Scots: Sir Alexander Fleming Alexander Fleming ... Penicillin and other antibiotics

74. Imperial College, London - Ic Matters - Spring 1999 Sharing A Past       � it was discovered by chance by alexander fleming in his Professor of Biochemistryat Imperial, sir Ernst Chain The three men, fleming, Chain and Florey jointly http://www.ic.ac.uk/alumni/matters/spring99/fleming.htm

Sharing a past Anne Barrett describes the exhibition she jointly organised to commemorate the opening of the Sir Alexander Fleming building On show Sir Alexander Fleming When The Queen opened the Sir Alexander Fleming building on South Kensington campus on 21 October, College Archivist, Anne Barrett, and PA to the School of Medicine Principal, Valerie Davenport, mounted a display which brought together the histories of IC and the merged medical schools. Objects and manuscripts of T.H. Huxley (an alumnus of Charing Cross Medical School 1840-45 and Dean of the Royal College of Science 1881-85) recently deposited in the College archives by Sir Andrew Huxley, physiologist and IC Fellow, were also included. Also in the exhibition was a new case commissioned by the School of Medicine to house permanent displays of historical and current artefacts and documents, which included the famous Diary of the Rattlesnake kept by T.H. Huxley on his first commission as assistant surgeon on a survey ship in the Australian waters. Not the same old story Any alumni who would like to deposit any items for posterity and for possible exhibition are invited to get in touch with College Archivist Anne Barrett via the Alumni Office.

75. Alexander Fleming - Wikipedia alexander fleming. fleming discovered an antibacterial agent which he named Penicillin. potencyfor which he was both knighted and received the nobel prize for http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Page history Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Other languages: Deutsch Esperanto Nederlands Alexander Fleming From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sir Alexander Fleming August 6 March 11 Born in Ayrshire Scotland . Died in London England . Fleming discovered an antibacterial agent which he named Penicillin . It turned out to be an infection-fighting agent of enormous potency for which he was both knighted and received the Nobel prize for medicine in Edit this page Discuss this page Page history What links here ... Related changes Other languages: Deutsch Esperanto Nederlands Main Page ... Recent changes It was last modified 15:20 Dec 30, 2002. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Main Page Recent changes Random page ... Bug reports

76. Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin in 1944 and all three of them (fleming, Florey and Chain) were awarded the 1945Nobel Prize in The Life of sir alexander fleming Discoverer of Penicillin. http://history1900s.about.com/library/weekly/aa062801a.htm

zfp=-1 About History 20th Century History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with 20th Century History with Jennifer Rosenberg Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects Major Events Maps People Photographs ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Alexander Fleming Discovers Penicillin A Chance Discovery Leads to the Miracle Drug of the 20th Century Related Resources Alexander Fleming Resources From Other Guides Chemistry Site Inventors Site British History Site Elsewhere on the Web Nobel Prize Winner Chosen in TIME 100 by Jennifer Rosenberg In 1928, bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery from an already discarded, contaminated Petri dish. The mold that had contaminated the experiment turned out to contain a powerful antibiotic, penicillin. However, though Fleming was credited with the discovery, it was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the miracle drug for the 20th century. How did this Petri dish almost get cleaned before being noticed? How did the mold get onto the dish? Who transformed penicillin into a useful drug?

77. World Almanac For Kids fleming, sir alexander (1881–1955), British bacteriologist and Nobellaureate, best known for his discovery of PENICILLIN. Born http://www.worldalmanacforkids.com/explore/inventions/fleming_siralexander.html

'); else document.write(''); // This script will choose the CSS (stylesheet) to use based on browser // End > EXPLORE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT HISTORICAL BIRTHDAYS ... home FLEMING, Sir Alexander Fleming conducted outstanding research in bacteriology, chemotherapy, and immunology. In 1922 he discovered lysozyme, an antiseptic found in tears, body secretions, albumen, and certain fish plants. His discovery of penicillin came about accidentally in 1928 in the course of research on influenza. His observation that the mold contaminating one of his culture plates had destroyed the bacteria laid the basis for the development of penicillin therapy. Fleming was knighted in 1944. In 1945 he shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with the British scientists Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain for their contributions to the development of penicillin. Inventions Directory credits

78. Ciberfascículos "Grandes Científicos Del Siglo XX" - Alexander Fleming Translate this page Biografía básica sir alexander fleming (1881-1955), bacteriólogo y premioNobel británico, se hizo famoso por el descubrimiento de la penicilina. http://www.cienciadigital.net/cientificos/fleming3.html

Biografía básica: Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955), bacteriólogo y premio Nobel británico, se hizo famoso por el descubrimiento de la penicilina. Nacido en Escocia, se formó en la Facultad de Medicina del St. Mary's Hospital de la Universidad de Londres, donde trabajó como catedrático de bacteriología desde 1928 hasta 1948, año en que fue nombrado profesor emérito. Desarrolló importantes investigaciones en los campos de la bacteriología, la quimioterapia y la inmunología. En 1922 descubrió la lisozima mientras que el descubrimiento de la penicilina, que lo catapultó a los anales científicos, tuvo lugar accidentalmente en 1928 en el curso de sus investigaciones. Fue nombrado sir en 1944 y compartió el Premio Nobel de Fisiología y Medicina con los científicos británicos Howard Florey y Ernst Boris Chain por sus contribuciones al desarrollo de la penicilina. Más información: McFarlane, G, Alexander Fleming: The Man and the Myth, Oxford University Press, 1984 Instituto Pasteur Bayer Noelia Costa Riu es Licenciada en Farmacia y miembro del Departamento de Microbiología de la Universidad de Barcelona (UB)

79. ON THIS DAY | Dates | 11 | 1955 Farewell To Scientist Who Discovered Penicillin was knighted in 1944 and the following year he shared the nobel prize for In ContextSir alexander fleming's funeral took place on Friday 18 March 1955 at St http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/low/dates/stories/march/11/newsid_2538000/253804

ON THIS DAY 11 March Search ON THIS DAY by date Day Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Front Page Themes Witness Correspondents 1955: Farewell to scientist who discovered penicillin VIDEO : Mourners arriving at Sir Alexander Fleming's funeral. This footage is mute. AUDIO : Alexander Fleming: "Penicillin is not a cure-all" Sir Alexander Fleming - the man who first discovered the life-saving drug penicillin - has died of a heart attack. He was 73. Sir Alexander died suddenly at his home in London. He was married only two years ago to Dr Amalia Coutsouris, from Athens, who worked at St Mary's Hospital in Paddington. His first wife, with whom he had a son, died in 1949. For many years, Sir Alexander was Professor of Bacteriology in the University of London and until last year was head of the Wright-Fleming Institute of Micro-Biology at St Mary's hospital, Paddington. The young scientist served in a battlefield hospital laboratory in France during World War I. When he saw how many soldiers were dying from infections he became determined to find a cure. His first notable discovery was lysozyme in 1922. It is a naturally-occurring antibacterial substance, found in tears and other body fluids.

80. WWW Style Sheet alexander fleming (18811955). Vita. nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,1945, shared with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain. Synopsis. http://www.cshl.org/public/History/scientists/fleming.html

Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) Vita b. 1881, Darvel, Ayrshire, Scotland Intermediate MB, 1904, London University MRCS, LRCP, 1906, London University (one notch below M.D., but qualifies one as a physician) Staff, St. Mary's Hospital, London Professor of Bacteriology, St. Mary's Hospital, University of London, 1938 Fellow of the Royal Society, 1943 Knighted, 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1945, shared with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain Synopsis Fleming was born to a Scottish farming family. He left home with his brother for London; Robert became an oculist, "Alec" went to medical school. He became associated with St. Mary's Hospital, the youngest of London's teaching hospitals, and remained there for his entire career. He worked with Almroth Wright, a major advocate of vaccines who developed vaccines for many microbial diseases and was keenly interested in the immune system. Wright became head of the newly created "Inoculation Department" at St. Mary's, an essentially autonomous entity within the hospital. The Inoculation Department was financially self-supporting, on the basis of the vaccines they developed, sold, and treated patients with. During World War I, Fleming was one of Wright's primary assistants in a major effort to combat the rampant infections and septicemia in British soldiers' wounds. Physicians had only recently accepted Lister's protocols for antiseptic surgery and assumed that since germs caused infection and antiseptics killed germs, that antiseptics must cure infections. Wright and Fleming argued conversely that the leukocytes of the immune system were the body's most important line of defense against infection and that most antiseptics killed leukocytes more rapidly than they killed bacteria. The best treatment for infection, they said, was simply washing with copious saline. Few physicians, however, could believe this advice, which seemed to go against the latest and most profound advances in surgical technique for many years.

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