41. Nobel Prize Winners Thank You! nobel Prize Winners Los Angeles County 1965, Julian Schwinger,UCLA, Physics. 1969, max delbruck, Cal Tech, Physiology/Medicine. http://www.losangelesalmanac.com/topics/Awards/aw01.htm

Home I Search I A - Z Index I Write to Us Please email us if you encounter information in this website for which you know there is an update or correction. Thank You! Nobel Prize Winners Los Angeles County Year Winner Institution Category Robert A. Millikan Cal Tech Physics Thomas H. Morgan Cal Tech Physiology/Medicine Carl D. Anderson Cal Tech Physics Linus C. Pauling Cal Tech Chemistry George W. Beadle Cal Tech Physiology/Medicine Willard F. Libby UCLA Chemistry Linus C. Pauling Cal Tech Peace Richard P. Feynman Cal Tech Physics Julian Schwinger UCLA Physics Max Delbruck Cal Tech Physiology/Medicine Murray Gell-Man Cal Tech Physics Roger Sperry Cal Tech Physiology/Medicine William A. Fowler Cal Tech Physics Donald J. Cram UCLA Chemistry Rudolph A. Marcus Cal Tech Chemistry George Olah USC Chemistry Edward B. Lewis Cal Tech Physiology/Medicine Paul Boyer UCLA Chemistry Louis Ignarro UCLA Physiology/Medicine Ahmed H. Zewail Cal Tech Chemistry Awards Main Page Browse to Next Page Home Write to Us ... Privacy Statement

42. Untitled max delbruck had worked with Niels Bohr in Copenhagen in the 1930's and was inspiredby him to turn to molecular biology. He subsequently won the nobel Prize http://www.ini.unizh.ch/satw02/stars.html

The Origins of Neuromorphic Engineering: Seeing Stars by Kevan Martin `If the eye were not sun-like, it could not see the sun' -Goethe Matter and light were formed on the first day, but it took 10 billion years before the early animals evolved eyes that enabled them to see Creation. Of all the sense organs, the eye alone is able to image objects that lie at astronomical distances and as a result our own intellectual landscape is dominated by visual metaphors. Had the human race been blind, the great cultural streams of political, philosophic, religious, artistic and scientific thought would surely have taken unimaginably different paths. For one visionary, the eye was a most formidable challenge on the path to a general theory of evolution. "To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree," wrote Charles Darwin in `On the Origin of Species'. Yet he had overlooked the most extraordinary part of the eye

43. Timeline Of Microbiology 1930s–1940s Salvador Luria and max delbruck provide a statistical demonstration that inheritancein With Hershey, delbruck and Luria are awarded the nobel Prize in http://www.microbeworld.org/htm/aboutmicro/timeline/tmln_3.htm

Timeline continued SEARCH timeline below or BROWSE by scrolling horizontally in your browser YEAR C. B. van Niel shows that photosynthetic bacteria use reduced compounds as electron donors without producing oxygen. Sulfur bacteria use H2S as a source of electrons for the fixation of carbon dioxide. He posits that plants use water as a source and release oxygen. Gerhard J. Domagk uses a chemically synthesized anti-metabolite, Prontosil, to kill Streptococcus Wendell Stanley crystallizes tobacco mosaic virus and shows that it remains infectious. However, he does not recognize that the infectious material is nucleic acid and not protein. Together with Northrop and Sumner, Stanley is awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946. George Beadle and Edward Tatum jointly publish a paper on their experiments using the fungus Neurospora crassa Salvador Luria and Max Delbruck provide a statistical demonstration that inheritance in bacteria follows Darwinian principles. Particular mutants, such as viral resistance, occur randomly in bacterial populations, even in the absence of the virus. More important, they occur in small numbers in some populations and in large numbers in other cultures. With Hershey, Delbruck and Luria are awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1969.

44. U.S. House Of Representatives, Committee On Science grants NSF ever awarded was to Dr. max delbruck, for a One of delbruck’s students,Dr. James Watson, went on to he and Francis Crick won the nobel Prize in http://www.house.gov/science/colwell_092899.htm

F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. Chairman Weekly Schedule Press Shop Members Hearings ... Back to Home Page Testimony Dr. Rita R. Colwell Director National Science Foundation The Benefits of Basic Research Subcommittee on Basic Research House Science Committee September 28, 1999 Chairman Smith, members of the subcommittee, thank you for inviting me to testify at this important hearing. Mr. Chairman, today’s hearing on the benefits of basic research is both appropriate and timely. The approach of the new millennium brings with it the 50 th anniversary of the National Science Foundation. We therefore welcome this opportunity to discuss how NSF has promoted progress across our society and how we can all be confident that NSF's investments deliver a high return to the taxpayer. My testimony today will cover three general topics. First, I will share just a few highlights from NSF's many historical accomplishments. These highlights speak directly to the sources of growth and job creation in today's economy.

45. Memorial Service Planned For S.E. Luria In 1969 he shared the nobel Prize with Dr. max delbruck of the California Instituteof Technology and Dr. Alfred D. Hershey of the Carnegie Institute of http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/tt/1991/feb13/24307.html

Published by the MIT News Office at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. February 13 Tech Talk Search MIT News ... MIT Memorial Service Planned for S.E. Luria February 13 Tech Talk Search MIT News ... MIT

46. Personnalités De La Recherche Translate this page delbruck max Biophysicien américain d’origine allemande (1906-1981). Il partageale Prix nobel de médecine en 1969, avec Alfred Day Hershey et Salvador http://www.frm.org/glossaires/glossaire_personnalites.php?alpha=d

47. Alfred Day Hershey - Pioneer In Microbiology - Suite101.com was contacted by the German physicist, max delbruck, who was During 1946, Hersheyand delbruck worked together on nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1969 http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/biographies_scientists/95774

Topics Articles Links BEST OF WEB ONLINE COURSES COMMUNITIES BOOK CIRCLE ... MY SUITE Search Within: Biographies of Scientists Education Suite101.com Member Central Join Our Community! Login Member Update What's New ... TravelSuite Suite University About Suite University Suite University News Visit the University Course Listing ... Featured Courses New Topics Family Recipes Management of Manufacturers' Representatives Entertainment: Being a Clown Sports Car Racing ... More... Suite Events Spring Into Health! Earth Day 2003 War and Peace More about Suite101 About Suite101.com - Select a related topic - African-American Home Sch Biographies of Scientists Celtic Internet Resources Christian Home Education Creative Writing Graduate Distance Education Extra-solar Planets Foreign Language Acquisit Homeschooling Preschool a Librarians and Informatio Magazine Reviews Making Learning FUN! Math is fun Redefining Education Science Surfing Social and Emotional Lear Teachers Using Technology Teaching Computers To Chi Teaching Creative Writing Welsh Language - Select a related course - Advanced Stenciling Adventures in Impressioni Awesome Grades in Math an Creating Dynamic Unit Stu Cure Your Math Anxiety: B Homeschooling Your Specia How to Start Homeschoolin Learning a Second Languag Teaching Writing to Child Teaching Writing to Child Understanding Poetry Visual Literacy - A Cours Visit Education Detailed Topic List Home Science and mathematics ... Historical, geographic, persons treatment

48. PREMIOS NOBEL DE MEDICINA PREMIOS nobel DE MEDICINA. AÑO, PREMIADO. 1968, ROBERT W.HOLLEY HAR GOBINDKHORANA - MARSHALL W.NIREMBERG. 1969, max delbruck - ALFRED D.HERSHEY . http://es.geocities.com/historalia/premios_nobel_medicina.htm

PREMIOS NOBEL DE MEDICINA AÑO PREMIADO EMIL ADOLF VON BEHERING RONALD ROSS NIELS RYBERG FINSEN IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV CAMILLO GOLGI - SANTIAGO RAMON Y CAJAL CHARLES LOUIS ALPHONSE LAVERAN ILYA ILYCH MECHNIKOV - PAUL EHRLICH EMIL THEODOR KOCHER ALBRECHT KOSSEL ALLVAR GULLSTRAND ALEXIS CARREL CHARLES ROBERT RICHET ROBERT BARANY JULES BORDET SCHACK AUGUST STEENBERG KROGH ARCHIBALD VIVIAN HILL - OTTO FRITZ MEYERHOF FREDERICK GRANT BENTING - JOHN JAMES RICHARD MACLEOD WILLEM EINTHOVEN JOHANNES ANDREAS GRIB FIBIGER JULIUS WAGNER-JAUREGG CHARLES JULES HENRI NICOLLE CHRISTIAN EIJKMAN -SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS KARL LANDSTEINER OTTO HEINRICH WARBURG SIR CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON - EDGAR DOUGLAS ADRIAN THOMAS HUNT MORGAN GEORGE HOYT WHIPPLE - GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT - WILLIAM PARRY MURPHY HANS SPEMANN SIR HENRY HALLET DALE - OTTO LOEWL ALBERT VON SZENT-GYORGY NAGYRAPOLT CORNEILLE JEAN FRANÇOIS HEYMANS GERHARD DOMAGK HENRIK CARL PETER DAM - EDWARD ADELBERT DOLSY JOSEPH ERLANGER - HERBERT SPENCER GASSER SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING - ERNST BORIS CHAIN - SIR HOWARD WALTER FLOREY HERMANN JOSEPH MULLER CARL FERDINAND CORI - GERTY THERESA RADNITZ-CORI - BERNARDO ALBERTO HOUSSAY PAUL HERMANN MULLER WALTER RUDOLF HESS - ANTONIO CAETANO DE ABREU FREIRE EGAS MONIZ EDWARD CALVIN KENDALL - TADEUS REICHSTEIN - PHILIP SHOWALTER HENCH MAX THEILER SELMAN ABRAHAM WAKSMAN HANS ADOLF KREBS - FRITZ ALBERT LIPMANN

49. Nobel Conference® - Gustavus Adolphus College And The Nobel Foundation The next several conferences focused on physics, chemistry, and biology, with Nobellaureates Murray GellMann, Steven Weinberg, max delbruck, and Tjalling http://www.gustavus.edu/events/nobel/nobelfoundation/essay.html

The Nobel Conference: A Dream Continues Richard Q. Elvee - Emeritus Director, Nobel Conference Genesis On a winter evening in 1963, after the Nobel prize ceremonies, representatives from Gustavus Adolphus College and officials from The Nobel Foundation gathered at the country home of the Countess Bernadotte outside Stockholm. The Gustavus group, which included President Edgar Carlson, Vice President Reynold Anderson, and Dr. Philip Hench, a Nobel laureate in medicine, made an unusual request. They asked the Nobel Foundation Board to endorse a series of science conferences at Gustavus, letting the Nobel name be used to establish credibility and high standards. Responding to enthusiastic support from several prominent Nobel laureates, the board granted the wish, and in 1965 the College began an annual event convening the world's top research scientists and scholars for an intellectual feast to be spread Gustavus Adolphus College is the first formal lecture program in the world (outside of Sweden and Norway, where Nobel prizes are awarded) to have the official authorization of The Nobel Foundation , Stockholm.

50. A Century Of Science / The Nobel Club Hershey, a quiet, gentle chemist who spent a career studying the group of virusescalled bacteriophages, shared a nobel Prize with max delbruck and Salvador http://www.newsday.com/extras/lihistory/specdisc/disnobe.htm

Timeline The Vault Family Stories The Nobel Club From C.N. Yang to Barbara McClintock, they brought Long Island the prestige of the world's most coveted prize Newsday Photo, 1973/Bob Luckey Theoretical physicist C.N. Yang, instructing at the board, was awarded a Nobel Prize in '57 for his work on the conservation of parity. By Earl Lane Washington Bureau W ORK CONDUCTED at Long Island's Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton has led to four Nobel prizes in physics over the years, providing new insights into the structure and behavior of matter. In the realm of biology, research carried out at Cold Spring Harbor Lab led to three Nobel Prizes that helped lay groundwork for advances in modern genetics. Here's a look at the scientists and their research. Nobel Winners in Physics In 1956 theoretical physicists C.N. Yang of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton and T.D. Lee of Columbia University spent the summer as guest scientists at Brookhaven Lab. Yang and Lee were intrigued by experiments with the lab's Cosmotron, an atom smasher, that suggested that one of the most fundamental principles of physics called the conservation of parity was being violated. The conservation of parity implies that if an event is possible, its reflection in a mirror represents an equally possible event. Such symmetry, first probed by Eugene Paul Wigner during the 1930s, was accepted as an inviolable law.

51. Complete Health Care And Medical Information From India awards are granted in Stockholm and Oslo on 10th December (it is the anniversaryof Alfred nobel's death 1969, max delbruck,Alfred Hershey and Salvador E. Luria. http://www.medivisionindia.com/nobelprize/index.phtml

Home Doctor's Den 2B Docs Children ... Ask Medivision We subscribe to the HONcode principles of the Health On the Net Foundation Site Updated on Friday 18 April, 2003 Nobel Prize (1901-1999) Introduction Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896) Swedish chemist and industrialist. He elaborated the method of production of dynamite (1866) and other explosive materials. He is a founder of Nobel Prize. Nobel Prize It is the Swedish- Norwegian foundation ( which is situated in Stockholm). It was founded in 1900 year like a fulfillment of the wish of Alfred Nobel's testament. All income of this foundation is devoted to grant of equal-value international prize. They are awarded every year in five domains: in the realms of physics and chemistry the prizes are granted by Royal Swedish Academy of Science in the realm of medicine the prize is granted by Royal Swedish Institute of Medicine and Surgery. in the realm of literature the prize is granted by Swedish Academy of Literature in the realm of economy the prize is granted by Swedish Bank - for activity for the world-wide peace is granted by Norwegian Nobel's Committee (attached to Norwegian Parliament. These awards are granted in Stockholm and Oslo on 10th December (it is the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death).

52. Search-Info.Com - Directory Science Biology Genetics History People max delbruck Features a biography, vita, portrait, references, and url www.cshl.org/History/delbruck.html. Ochoaand Kornberg Details the nobel prize awarded http://search-info.com/search/engine/index/Science/Biology/Genetics/History/Peop

Directory The Web Top Science Biology Genetics ... History : People Description Directory Search Categories: Avery, Oswald Theodore Chargaff, Erwin Crick, Francis De Vries, Hugo ... Watson, James Dewey Web Site Matches: Arthur Kornberg Interview with an introduction by Joshua Lederberg. Features his early life and research programs url: sunsite.berkeley.edu:2020/dynaweb/teiproj/oh/scien.... Beadle, Tatum, and Lederberg Provides details of the Nobel prize awarded in 1958 for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events. Includes lectures and biography. url: www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1958/index.html Chargaff's Legacy Article discusses the four rules on DNA base composition now shown to be fundamental to the understanding of the structure and function of DNA. url: post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/bioinfo2.htm Colin Munroe MacLeod Full text facsimile of Biographical Memoirs by Walsh McDermott. Requires Adobe Acrobat to view. url: www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CC/A/A/P/I/_/ccaapi.pdf Crick, Watson, and Wilson Provides biographies and transcripts of the Nobel lectures given when awarded the prize for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids. url: www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1962/

53. The Influence Of Bohr On Delbruck and astronomy at Vanderbilt University contains a chapter on max delbruck, a member establishingmicrobial genetics, for which he received the nobel prize in http://www.eps.org/aps/meet/SES00/baps/abs/S2500002.html

Previous abstract Graphical version Next abstract Session NA - Computational and Theoretical Physics II. MIXED session, Saturday afternoon, November 04 Room L2503, Wise Center [NA.002] The Influence of Bohr on Delbruck Wendell Holladay (Vanderbilt University) The book by Robert Lagemann on the history of physics and astronomy at Vanderbilt University contains a chapter on Max Delbruck, a member of the Vanderbilt physics department from 1940 - 1947, where he did seminal work in establishing microbial genetics, for which he received the Nobel prize in physiology in 1969. Delbruck, a Ph.D. in physics for work with Max Born in Gottingen, had been inspired by Niels Bohr's suggestion of a complementary relation between biology and atomic physics to work in biology. We will explore exactly what Bohr said in this connection and argue that Delbruck's own work leads to a conclusion in opposition to Bohr's suggestion, namely that the existence of life is reducible to molecular physics, through the remarkable properties of DNA. The lesson for scientific methodology to be learned from this example is that science can lead to truth even if motivated by an ideology pushing in the opposite direction. Part N of program listing

54. From Darwin To The Human Genome Project Twenty years earlier Muller had won the nobel Prize for discovering that Xrays ThroughLuria, Watson was introduced to max delbruck and his small group of http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/CASP/Carmosino_P.html

Penni Carmosino ¥ California State University, Chico Index Previous Paper Next Paper From Darwin to the Human Genome Project Since Darwin's publication of On the Origin of Species the world of biology has made many advances. These advances in biology, specifically in genetic research, would not have been possible without the use of the microscope. Improvements in the microscope lead to the ability to actually view reproductive processes, which eventually lead to genetic research. Upon the discovery of the structure of DNA the birth of the Human Genome Project occurred. Although the intentions of this project were to better society, capitalism and prejudice have twisted this project into something that our society is not prepared to deal with. This paper traces the evolutionary steps of genetic research from Darwin to Watson and Crick. Advancements made by the Human Genome Project will also be discussed in addition to problems that society faces as a result of genetic research. Introduction For the past few decades molecular scientists have been arduously working on a project that has the potential to revolutionize the world. The goal of this project is to determine the precise location and molecular details of all of the genes and interconnecting segments that make up the human chromosomes. This quest for the location of human genes is referred to as the Human Genome Project (HGP). The HGP is the most promising yet controversial undertaking ever attempted by the biological sciences.

55. Mol-Biol 4 Masters max delbruck, Alfred D.Hershey, Salvador E.Luria, 1969, awarded nobel Prize inMedicine and Physiology for their work on genetics and structure of viruses. http://www.mol-biol4masters.com/milestones.html

Your browser does not support script Milestones: Friedrich Miescher-1869 identified Nuclein from pus cells. Feulgan 1927-28 demonstrated two types of Nucleic acids, i.e. DNA and RNA. Frederick Grifith-1928 demonstrated genetic transformation principle. Erwin Chargaff-1940, showed quantitative equivalence of total purine to total pyrimidines, i.e. A=T, G=C and A+T = G+C, Oswald Avery, Colin McLeod and MacLean McCarty-1944, demonstrated experimentally that DNA as the genetic material, they used pneumococcus virulence and nonvirulent strains. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase-1952, ultimate demonstration of DNA as the genetic material, using radioisotope labeled T2 phages. James Watson and Francis Crick –1952-53, a crowning achievement in proposing a 3-D model of DNA, a double helix. Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins provided x-ray diffraction data. Jerry Donahue an office mate of J.D.Watson provided the clue about the correct base tuatomeric states. Beadle, Joshuua Lederberg, Edward L.Tatum, 1958

56. Ëàóðåàòû Íîáåëåâñêèõ ïðåìèé ïî ôèçèîëîãèè � Alphabetical listing of nobel prize laureates in Physiology and Medicine. Name.Year Awarded. De Duve, Christian, 1974. delbruck, max, 1969. Doherty, Peter C. 1996. http://orel.rsl.ru/archiv/nob_med.htm

PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Alphabetical listing of Nobel prize laureates in Physiology and Medicine Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine Winners 1997-1901 Alphabetical listing of Nobel prize laureates in Physiology and Medicine Name Year Awarded Adrian, Lord Edgar Douglas Arber, Werner Axelrod, Julius Baltimore, David Banting, Sir Frederick Grant Barany, Robert Beadle, George Wells Behring, Emil Adolf Von Bekesy, Georg Von Benacerraf, Baruj Bergstroem, Sune K. Bishop, J. Michael Black, Sir James W. Bloch, Konrad Blumberg, Baruch S. Bordet, Jules Bovet, Daniel Brown, Michael S. Burnet, Sir Frank Macfarlane Cajal, Santiago Ramon Y Carrel, Alexis Chain, Sir Ernst Boris Claude, Albert Clintock, Barbara Mc Cohen, Stanley Cori, Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa Cormack, Alan M. Cournand, Andre Frederic Crick, Francis Harry Compton Dale, Sir Henry Hallett Dam, Henrik Carl Peter Dausset, Jean De Duve, Christian Delbruck, Max Doherty, Peter C.

57. Www.aip.org/history/ead/caltech_dubridge/19990004.xml persname persname encodinganalog= 600 normal= delbruck, max source= lcnaf throughthe work of max Delb x00FC four cited biologists were also nobel laureates http://www.aip.org/history/ead/caltech_dubridge/19990004.xml

aip.org:history/ead/caltech_dubridge/19990004 Finding Aid to the Papers of Lee A. DuBridge, This finding aid has been encoded by the Center for History of Physics, American Institute of Physics as part of a collaborative project supported by a grant from the National Endowment of the Humanities, an independent federal agency. Collaboration members in 1999 consisted of: American Institute of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Northwestern University, Rice University, University of Alaska, University of Illinois, and University of Texas. American Institute of Physics. Center for History of Physics. One Physics Ellipse College Park, MD 20740 nbl@aip.org Published in 2000 Machine-readable finding aid encoded in EAD v.1.0 by Clay Redding on October 12, 2000 from an existing finding aid using NoteTab Pro and C++ scripts created by James P. Tranowski (provided by Elizabeth Dow, Special Collections, University of Vermont). Any revisions made to this finding aid occurred as part of the editing and encoding process. Finding aid written in English Description of the Collection California Institute of Technology, Institute Archives.

58. Max Delbrück And Phycomyces max Delbrück 1969 nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with SalvadorLuria and Alfred Hershey. I feel that if I make a serious http://www.es.embnet.org/~genus/Delbruck.html

1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Salvador Luria and Alfred Hershey I feel that if I make a serious experimental research effort (necessarily a very strenuous exercise) it should be in Phycomyces . I am still convinced that Phycomyces is the most intelligent primitive eukaryote and as such capable of giving access to the problems that will be central in the biology of the next decades. If I drop it, it will die. If I push it, it may yet catch on as phage... caught on. Since I invested 25 years in this venture I might as well continue. I do not expect to make great discoveries, but If I continue to do the spade work my successors may do so. phototropism of the sporangiophores of Phycomyces Phycomyces in his laboratory at CalTech and during summer courses at Cold Spring Harbor. Caltech Archives image collection main page life cycle genome ... web sites

59. DI CRSC Criticism Of The PBS "Evolution" Series: Counting Nobel Laureates For USAborn nobel winners in this sample, New York appears to be the W. Holley,Har Gobind Khorana (n), Marshall W. Nirenberg 1969 max delbruck (n), Alfred D http://www.antievolution.org/events/pbsevo/wre_nobel.html

Counting the Nobel laureates... Does it prove what the Discovery Institute says it does? by Wesley R. Elsberry In their viewer's guide pretentiously (and erroneously, as I will demonstrate below) titled, "Getting the Facts Straight", the Discovery Institute gives us this discussion: The narrator says that anti-evolution efforts following the Scopes trial "had a chilling effect on the teaching of evolution and the publishers of science textbooks. For decades, Darwin seemed to be locked out of America's public schools. But then evolution received an unexpected boost from a very unlikely source the Soviet Union." When the Soviets launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik, in 1957, Americans were goaded into action. The narrator continues: "As long-neglected science programs were revived in America's classrooms, evolution was, too. Biblical literalists have been doing their best to discredit Darwin's theory ever since." This takes the distortion of history one giant step further. It is blatantly false that U.S. science education was "neglected" after the Scopes trial because Darwinism was "locked out of America's public schools." During those supposedly benighted decades, American schools produced more Nobel Prize-winners than the rest of the world put together. And in physiology and medicine the fields that should have been most stunted by a neglect of Darwinism the U.S. produced fully twice as many Nobel laureates as all other countries combined. How about the U.S. space program? Was it harmed by the supposed neglect of Darwinism in public schools? Contrary to what Evolution implies, the U.S. space program in 1957 was in good shape. The Soviet Union won the race to launch the first satellite because it had made that one of its highest national priorities. The U.S., on the other hand, had other priorities such as caring for its citizens and rebuilding a war-torn world. When Sputnik prodded Americans to put more emphasis on space exploration, the U.S. quickly surpassed the Soviet Union and landed men on the Moon. The necessary resources and personnel were already in place; the U.S. didn't have to wait for a new generation of rocket scientists trained in evolution.

60. Figure And Ground -- References Free Press. delbruck, 1949 delbruck, max. 1949. Science, 226(16 November), 792801.Her nobel address. Prefigures later findings about adaptive mutability. http://www.as220.org/~tomfool/meta/dnachap_11.html

References References Bulletin of Mathematical Biology (3), 335-348. Suggests that DNA is better viewed as data, but that the program is somewhere else entirely. Contains a proposal for an information-theory definition of "sophistication", which is interesting. Black, Black, Douglas L. 1998. Splicing in the inner ear: a familiar tune, but what are the instruments? Neuron (February), 165-168. The hairs on chick cochlear cells are generated by recombination of the cSLO gene. The problem is that it isn't really clear who controls how the recombination is done, nor is it clear how it is decided which cell gets which recombination. Chargaff, Chargaff, Erwin. 1968. What Really Is DNA? Remarks on the changing aspects of a scientific concept. Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology , 297-333. Very realistic statement of the state of affairs circa 1968. No hype. See esp. the "Modest Glimpse of the Future" section, and the Epilogue. Chayen, Chayen, J. 1958. The Quantitative Cytochemistry Of DNA And Its Significance in Cell Physiology and Heredity. Experimental Cell Research Supplement , 115-131. Considers and criticizes the three most significant sources (at the time) for empirical confirmation of DNA being the sole source of genetic information.

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