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         Briand Aristide:     more books (46)
  1. Aristide Briand: La paix, une idee neuve en Europe (French Edition) by Bernard Oudin, 1987
  2. 28, boulevard Aristide-Briand, suivi de "Vacances en Botnie" by Patrick Besson, 2003-08-16
  3. L'Europe inachevee d'Aristide Briand (ancien depute de la Loire), ou, La nouvelle guerre de cent ans (French Edition) by Serge Malfois, 1997
  4. La séparation des églises et de l'état (French Edition) by Aristide Briand, 2010-05-14
  5. La Séparation by Aristide Briand, 2009-11-04
  6. La Séparation Des Églises Et De L'état: Rapport Fait Au Nom De La Commission De La Chambre Des Députés, Suivi Des Pièces Annexes (French Edition) by Aristide Briand, 2010-01-12
  7. BRIANDS LOCARNO POLICY (Modern European History) by Keeton, 1987-11-01
  8. Naissance à Nantes: Jules Verne, Éric Tabarly, Anne de Bretagne, Aristide Briand, Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, Maurice Chabas, Joachim Garraud (French Edition)
  9. People From Nantes: Jules Verne, Clémence Royer, Anne of Brittany, Aristide Briand, Claude Cahun, Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, Germain Boffrand
  10. Socialiste Indépendant: Aristide Briand, René Viviani, Alexandre Varenne, Osman Duquesnay (French Edition)
  11. Cocherel , Aristide, Briand by A. J. Monnier, 1933
  12. ARISTIDE BRIAND 1862-1932 by Bernard Oudin, 2004-05-06
  13. Le Voyou de Passage: Aristide Briand by Leon Daudet, 1930
  14. Ministre Français Des Cultes|affaires Ecclésiastiques: Émile Ollivier, Joseph Caillaux, Raymond Poincaré, Victor de Broglie, Aristide Briand (French Edition)

1. Aristide Briand Winner Of The 1926 Nobel Prize In Peace
aristide briand. 1926 nobel Peace Prize Laureate Foreign MinisterPartOriginator Locarno Pact, briand-Kellogg Pact. Background 1862
http://almaz.com/nobel/peace/1926a.html
A RISTIDE B RIAND
1926 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
    Foreign Minister
    Part-Originator Locarno Pact, Briand-Kellogg Pact.
Background

    Residence: France
Featured Internet Links Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors Back to The Nobel Prize Internet Archive
Literature
Peace ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

2. Index Of Nobel Peace Prize Laureates
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF nobel PEACE PRIZE LAUREATES. Name, Year Awarded. Addams,Jane, 1931. BoydOrr Of Brechin, Lord John, 1949. briand, aristide, 1926.
http://almaz.com/nobel/peace/alpha.html
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATES
Name Year Awarded Addams, Jane The American Friends Service Committee Amnesty International Annan, Kofi ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

3. Peace 1926
The nobel Peace Prize 1926. aristide briand, Gustav Stresemann. 1/2of the prize, 1/2 of the prize. France, Germany. Foreign Minister;Part
http://www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/1926/
The Nobel Peace Prize 1926
Aristide Briand Gustav Stresemann 1/2 of the prize 1/2 of the prize France Germany Foreign Minister; Part-originator of Locarno Pact and Briand-Kellogg Pact ex-Lord High Chancellor (Reichs-kanzler); Foreign Minister; Part-originator of Locarno Pact b.1862
d.1932 b.1878
d.1929 The Nobel Peace Prize 1926
Presentation Speech
Aristide Briand
Biography
...
Nobel Lecture
The 1926 Prize in:
Physics

Chemistry

Physiology or Medicine

Literature
...
Peace
Find a Laureate: Last modified June 16, 2000 The Official Web Site of The Nobel Foundation

4. Aristide Briand - Biography
aristide briand (March 28, 1862March 7, 1932), while at the height of his Inthe next year Kellogg joined briand in the ranks of nobel Peace Prize
http://www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/1926/briand-bio.html
Aristide Briand (March 28, 1862-March 7, 1932), while at the height of his influence within the League of Nations, attended a dinner in Geneva where the guests were given menu cards on which was printed a cartoon depicting the statesmen of the world smashing a statue of Mars while Briand, alone, talked to the god of war trying to convince him to commit suicide . The cartoon caught not only Briand's main objective in public life - the elimination of war in international relations - but also his method: his penchant for personal diplomacy, his renowned persuasiveness, and his habit of attacking the heart of a problem rather than its symbols or symptoms.
A Long Vacation . Throughout his life Briand read little but listened intently, never prepared a speech but was, by common acknowledgment, the leading French orator of his generation; he understood everything, so it was said, but knew nothing.
Although Briand studied law and established a practice, he preferred the profession of journalism to that of law. He wrote for

5. Briand, Aristide
briand, aristide. briand, 1913. His efforts for international cooperation, the Leagueof Nations, and world peace brought him the nobel Prize for Peace in 1926
http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/85_84.html
Briand, Aristide
Briand, 1913 H. Roger-Viollet (b. March 28, 1862, Nantes, Franced. March 7, 1932, Paris), statesman who served 11 times as premier of France, holding a total of 26 ministerial posts between 1906 and 1932. His efforts for international cooperation, the League of Nations, and world peace brought him the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1926, which he shared with Gustav Stresemann of Germany. As a law student, Briand became associated with left-wing causes, writing for such publications as Le Peuple, La Lanterne, and In 1894 Briand succeeded in getting the sharply divided French trade unionists to adopt the general strike as a political tactic at a workers' congress at Nantes. After three unsuccessful attempts (1889, 1893, and 1898) to be elected to the Chamber of Deputies, Briand became secretary-general of the Socialist Party in 1901. In 1902 he finally won election as a deputy from the Loire and remained a member of the chamber until his death. After serving another term as education minister in the first government of Georges Clemenceau (1906-09), he became premier from July 1909 to November 1910. He served two more terms, briefly, before his plan for proportional representation met defeat in the Senate in March 1913. Forced to resign (March 1917) because of mounting pressures and the unsuccessful Balkan campaign, Briand spent the next three years taking little part in public affairs except for his outspoken advocacy of the League of Nations and the concept of collective security. He returned to the premiership in January 1921, but his failures in foreign policy forced his resignation on Jan. 12, 1922.

6. Nobel Prize Winners For Peace
1925, Chamberlain, Sir Austen, UK. Dawes, Charles G. US. 1926, briand, aristide,France. Stresemann, Gustav, Germany. 1927, Buisson, FerdinandÉdouard, France.
http://www.britannica.com/nobel/table/peace.html
Year Article Country* Dunant, Henri Switzerland France Switzerland Gobat, Charles-Albert Switzerland Cremer, Sir Randal U.K. Institute of International Law (founded 1873) Suttner, Bertha, Freifrau von Austria-Hungary Roosevelt, Theodore U.S Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro Italy Renault, Louis France Arnoldson, Klas Pontus Sweden Bajer, Fredrik Denmark Belgium Estournelles de Constant, Paul-H.-B. d' France International Peace Bureau (founded 1891) Asser, Tobias Michael Carel The Netherlands Fried, Alfred Hermann Austria-Hungary Root, Elihu U.S. Lafontaine, Henri-Marie Belgium International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863) Wilson, Woodrow U.S. France Branting, Karl Hjalmar Sweden Lange, Christian Lous Norway Nansen, Fridtjof Norway Chamberlain, Sir Austen U.K. Dawes, Charles G. U.S. Briand, Aristide France Stresemann, Gustav Germany France Quidde, Ludwig Germany Kellogg, Frank B. U.S. Sweden Addams, Jane U.S. Butler, Nicholas Murray U.S. Angell, Sir Norman U.K. Henderson, Arthur U.K. Ossietzky, Carl von Germany Saavedra Lamas, Carlos Argentina Cecil (of Chelwood), Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount

7. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Briand, Aristide (1926) (A-H)
aristide (1926). World Book Online Article on briand, aristide; Biography(Encarta); Biography (nobel Site); Brief Biography (in French).
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  • World Book Online Article on BRIAND, ARISTIDE
  • Biography (Encarta)
  • Biography (Nobel Site)
  • Brief Biography (Columbia Encyclopedia) ... Contact Us
  • 8. Briand, Aristide
    briand, aristide , 1862–1932, French statesman. of the Locarno Pact (1925) andthe Kelloggbriand Pact (1928), and he shared the 1926 nobel Peace Prize
    http://www.infoplease.com/cgi-bin/id/A0808891

    9. International: Italiano: Società: Strutture_Sociali: Persone: Biografie: Nobe
    International Italiano Società Strutture Sociali Persone Biografie nobel perla Brandt, Willy (0); Branting, Karl Hjalmar (0); briand, aristide (0); Buisson
    http://open-site.org/International/Italiano/Società/Strutture_Sociali/Persone
    Open Site The Open Encyclopedia Project Pagina Principale Aggiungi Contenuti Diventa Editore In tutta la Directory Solo in Biografie/Nobel_per_la_Pace Top International Italiano Societ  ... Biografie : Nobel per la Pace Questa Categoria ha bisogno di un Editore - Richiedila Open Site Code 0.4.1 modifica

    10. Aristide Briand
    Translate this page Prix nobel en 1926 Politique, Il est également l'instigateur du Pacte briand-Kelloggde 1928, qui a pour but le renoncement à toute guerre.
    http://www.nobel-paix.ch/bio/briand.htm
    Prix Nobel en 1926 Politique Avocat, journaliste. Il fonde en 1902, avec Jean Jaurès, le journal socialiste L'Humanité . Il fait partie de la Chambre des Députés (1902-1932), du Conseil des ministres (1906-1932). Artisan du rapprochement franco-allemand avec Stresemann, il signe les Accords de Locarno . Très actif au sein de la (SDN), il propose en 1927 aux 27 états européens représentés à la SDN, un projet de création d'une Fédération d'Etats européens. Il est également l'instigateur du Pacte Briand-Kellogg de 1928, qui a pour but le renoncement à toute guerre. Caricature de Briand, l'"Ange de la paix", alors qu'il prône la création d'une fédération Etats européens.

    11. Briand, Aristide. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
    briand, aristide. to 1932 he was the chief architect of the Locarno Pact (1925) andthe Kelloggbriand Pact (1928), and he shared the 1926 nobel Peace Prize
    http://www.bartleby.com/65/br/Briand-A.html
    Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Briand, Aristide

    12. Briand, Aristide. The American Heritage® Dictionary Of The English Language: Fo
    2000. briand, aristide. SYLLABICATION Bri·and. He also drew up the KelloggbriandPact (1928) and shared the 1926 nobel Peace Prize.
    http://www.bartleby.com/61/68/B0476800.html
    Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference American Heritage Dictionary Brian Boru ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. Briand, Aristide

    13. Biografía - Briand, Aristide
    briand, aristide Nacionalidad Francia Nantes1862 - 1932. En 1926 recibe el Premio nobel de la Paz junto con el alemán
    http://www.artehistoria.com/historia/personajes/6825.htm
    FICHA
    Nacionalidad: Francia
    Nantes 1862 - 1932
    Abogado de profesión, desde su juventud se instala en París, donde colabora en distintas publicaciones. En esta época se relaciona con Jaurés con quien funda el Partido Socialista Francés. A partir de 1906 es nombrado ministro de Instrucción Pública y Culto bajo el mandato de Sarrien, por lo que le expulsan del Partido Socialista. Su colaboración con este personaje le acerca cada vez más a posturas radicales. Posteriormente ocupó el cargo del primer ministro sucesivamente en 1909, 1913, 1915, 1921 y 1925. Su trayectoria política se completa con la cartera de Asuntos Exteriores . Su intervención en la política fue decisiva por su actitud pacifista y petición del desarme en el conflicto entre Francia y Alemania. En 1926 recibe el Premio Nobel de la Paz junto con el alemán Gustav Stresemann . Otra de sus propuestas más reconocidas fue la creación de una Europa Unida. Idea que fue discutida entre las naciones europeas, aunque finalmente se redujo a un memorándum.
    Todos los textos e imágenes en alta resolución de esta sección están
    disponibles en la colección La Historia y sus Protagonistas de Ediciones Dolmen, S.L.

    14. Biografía - Aristide Briand
    Translate this page aristide briand Nantes 1862 - 1932 Político Francia Información en Protagonistasde la Historia. En 1926 recibe el Premio nobel de la Paz junto con el alemán
    http://www.artehistoria.com/batallas/personajes/6825.htm
    Aristide Briand
    Aristide Briand, político francés Aristide Briand
    Nantes 1862 - 1932
    Político
    Francia
    Información en Protagonistas de la Historia
    Abogado de profesión, desde su juventud se instala en París, donde colabora en distintas publicaciones. En esta época se relaciona con Jaurés con quien funda el Partido Socialista Francés. A partir de 1906 es nombrado ministro de Instrucción Pública y Culto bajo el mandato de Sarrien, por lo que le expulsan del Partido Socialista. Su colaboración con este personaje le acerca cada vez más a posturas radicales. Posteriormente ocupó el cargo del primer ministro sucesivamente en 1909, 1913, 1915, 1921 y 1925. Su trayectoria política se completa con la cartera de Asuntos Exteriores. Su intervención en la política fue decisiva por su actitud pacifista y petición del desarme en el conflicto entre Francia y Alemania. En 1926 recibe el Premio Nobel de la Paz junto con el alemán Gustav Stresemann . Otra de sus propuestas más reconocidas fue la creación de una Europa Unida. Idea que fue discutida entre las naciones europeas, aunque finalmente se redujo a un memorándum.
    Todos los textos e imágenes en alta resolución de esta sección están
    disponibles en la colección GRANDES BATALLAS DE LA SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL de Ediciones Dolmen, S.L.

    15. Briand, Aristide
    briand, aristide. to 1932 he was the chief architect of the Locarno Pact (1925) andthe Kelloggbriand Pact (1928), and he shared the 1926 nobel Peace Prize
    http://www.slider.com/enc/8000/Briand_Aristide.htm
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    Briand, Aristide 1862-1932, French statesman. A lawyer and a Socialist, he entered (1902) the chamber of deputies and helped to draft and pass the law (1905) for separation of church and state. Made (1906) minister of education and minister of religion to execute the law, he was ejected from the Socialist party for participating in the bourgeois cabinet of premier Jean Sarrien. In 1909 he became premier for the first of 11 times. In World War I, Briand headed (1915-17) two successive coalition cabinets and made the decision to hold Verdun at any cost. His government fell in March, 1917; attacked by Georges Clemenceau for attempting to negotiate a peace with Germany in 1917, Briand retired. After the war he emerged as a leading advocate of international peace and cooperation, and he is best remembered for his devotion to this cause. The cabinet he headed in 1921 fell because of his unpopular criticism of the Treaty of Versailles and his moderate demands at international conferences, where he worked for a reconciliation with Germany without the sacrifice of French security. As foreign minister from 1925 to 1932 he was the chief architect of the Locarno Pact (1925) and the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), and he shared the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize with Gustav Stresemann. An impressive orator, Briand was a prominent figure in the League of Nations. He advocated a plan for a United States of Europe.
  • 16. Biography Of Aristide Briand
    In the next year Kellogg joined briand in the ranks of nobel Peace Prize Baumont,Maurice, aristide briand Diplomat und Idealist, translated by Birgit Franz.
    http://sunsite.bcc.bilkent.edu.tr/oldnobel/laureates/peace-1926-1-bio.html
    ARISTIDE BRIAND
    Aristide Briand (March 28, 1862-March 7, 1932), while at the height of his influence within the League of Nations, attended a dinner in Geneva where the guests were given menu cards on which was printed a cartoon depicting the statesmen of the world smashing a statue of Mars while Briand, alone, talked to the god of war trying to convince him to commit suicide . The cartoon caught not only Briand's main objective in public life - the elimination of war in international relations - but also his method: his penchant for personal diplomacy, his renowned persuasiveness, and his habit of attacking the heart of a problem rather than its symbols or symptoms.
    A Long Vacation . Throughout his life Briand read little but listened intently, never prepared a speech but was, by common acknowledgment, the leading French orator of his generation; he understood everything, so it was said, but knew nothing.
    Although Briand studied law and established a practice, he preferred the profession of journalism to that of law. He wrote for , a socialist paper. A supporter of the labor-union movement, Briand emerged as a leader in the French Socialist Party after a speech at a congress of workingmen at Nantes in 1894. He found his true calling in politics, however, when, at the age of forty, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1902. In the next thirty years he was premier of France and a cabinet minister innumerable times

    17. Peace 1926
    The nobel Prize in Peace 1926. aristide briand France Foreign Minister PartoriginatorLocarno Pact briand-Kellogg Pact 1862 - 1932 Biography, Gustav Stresemann
    http://sunsite.bcc.bilkent.edu.tr/oldnobel/laureates/peace-1926.html
    The Nobel Prize in Peace 1926
    Aristide Briand
    France
    Foreign Minister
    Part-originator Locarno Pact
    Briand-Kellogg Pact
    Biography

    Gustav Stresemann
    Germany
    ex-Lord High Chancellor (Reichs-kanzler)
    Foreign Minister
    Part-originator Locarno-Pact Biography For help, info, credits or Comments, see " About this server Last updated by Webmaster@www.nobel.se / July 23, 1997

    18. Aristide Briand, L'Union Européenne Et La Paix Mondiale - Sommaire
    Translate this page Le parcours si particulier d'aristide briand - revendiqué et honni tout à la foispar permanents, tendus vers un seul but, lui valurent le prix nobel de la
    http://www.ivoire-clair.fr/briand/
    Achille ELISHA
    ARISTIDE BRIAND,
    ET LA PAIX MONDIALE
    voir le sommaire Lire un discours
    D'UN SIÈCLE À L'AUTRE,
    LA FRANCE SE BAT POUR LA PAIX ET L'EUROPE

    "L'esprit de paix,
    il faut le considérer comme une fleur d'humanité,
    délicieuse mais très fragile
    à laquelle il ne faut porter aucune atteinte.
    Elle est facile à flétrir. Il serait facile de la faire mourir." Aristide Briand
    Dans un monde où s'accumulent des tensions et des situations potentiellement dramatiques pour les peuples de nombreux pays, la France essaye, une fois encore, de faire entendre la voix de la paix et de la raison. Il y a près d'un siècle déjà, face au militarisme et au bellicisme, des hommes ont fait le choix de lutter contre toute guerre. Pour ces hommes, ce choix était avant tout un geste politique, une manifestation de leurs convictions, une volonté de faire avancer leurs choix de société, leurs choix de vie dans un monde meilleur. Ces hommes ont su, en toutes circonstances, manifester leur courage et, pour la plupart, ils ont su tout à la fois maintenir leur idéal et affronter une réalité parfois terrible. L'esprit de la paix n'est mu ni par la lâcheté ni par la soumission. Il est au contraire un combat fait de centaines d'affrontements, de défis, qu'il convient de relever un à un, pas à pas, comme on le fait sur un chemin de montagne, escarpé, entre deux précipices.

    19. Aristide Briand, L'Union Européenne Et La Paix Mondiale - Sommaire
    Prix nobel de la Paix. Introduction I - aristide briand, PÈLERIN DE LA PAIX
    http://www.ivoire-clair.fr/briand/sommaire.htm
    Achille ELISHA
    ARISTIDE BRIAND,
    ET LA PAIX MONDIALE
    Retour à l' accueil Lire un discours
    SOMMAIRE
    • Note de l’éditeur
    • Préface de la première édition, par René Cassin, Prix Nobel de la Paix

    Introduction
    • I - ARISTIDE BRIAND, PÈLERIN DE LA PAIX MONDIALE ET ANCÊTRE DE L’UNION EUROPÉENNE
    • L’art oratoire au service de la paix
    • Le pactomane démocrate et pacifiste
    • L’union européenne pour la paix mondiale
    • Le mémorandum sur l’Union Fédérale Européenne
    • Le mémorandum sur la crise économique européenne
    • II - LES PRÉCURSEURS EUROPÉENS DE BRIAND
    • Pierre Dubois et l’Europe
    • Imposer la paix par l’arbitrage d’un organisme international
    • Une confédération d’États égaux
    • La Fédération Européenne de Georges Podiebrad, roi de Bohême (1420-1471)
    • Union européenne pour se défendre contre un ennemi commun
    • Des institutions fédérales d’assistance mutuelle
    • La règle majoritaire
    • Sully et son projet de Fédération Européenne très chrétienne
    • Bouleverser la carte politique
    • La république européenne du christianisme
    • Des fédérations régionales
    • Des disciples de Sully
    • William Penn, apôtre anglais de l’unité européenne

    20. First World War.com - Who's Who - Aristide Briand
    Determined to foster FrancoGerman reconciliation briand was, in 1926, a co-recipientwith Gustav Stresemann of the nobel Peace Prize. aristide briand died in
    http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/briand.htm
    Who's Who: Aristide Briand
    Updated - Sunday, 25 November, 2001 Aristide Briand (1862-1932) served six terms in all as French Prime Minister - 1909-11, 1913, 1915-17, 1921-22, 1925-26, 1929 - and was France's longest serving First World War premier, succeeding Rene Viviani in October 1915. Born in Nantes on 28 March 1862, Briand studied as a law student during which time he developed and honed his political instincts, which were socialist. He published left-wing articles for numerous newspapers (including Petite Republique and Le Peuple ) before co-founding L'Humanite in 1904 with Viviani and the later Socialist Party leader, Jean Jaures Briand entered into Georges Clemenceau's coalition government in 1906 as minister for public instruction and worship, a post he held until his elevation to Prime Minister in 1909; his decision to accept office led to his expulsion from the Socialist Party, which prevented its members from playing a role in any 'bourgeois' government (explaining why Jaures, despite his popularity, never accepted ministerial office). An anti-cleric, Briand used his first ministry to complete the separation between the French church and state.

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