| THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1901 RÖNTGEN, WILHELM CONRAD, Germany, Munich University, * 1845, + 1923: "såsom ett erkännande av den utomordentliga förtjänst han inlagt genom upptäckten av de egendomliga strålar, som sedermera uppkallats efter honom"; "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1902 The prize was awarded jointly to: LORENTZ, HENDRIK ANTOON, the Netherlands, Leyden University, * 1853, + 1928; and ZEEMAN, PIETER, the Netherlands, Amsterdam University, * 1865, + 1943: "såsom ett erkännande av den utomordentliga förtjänst de inlagt genom sina undersökningar över magnetismens inflytande på strålningsfenomenen"; "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1903 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: BECQUEREL, ANTOINE HENRI, France, École Polytechnique, Paris, * 1852, + 1908: "såsom ett erkännande av den utomordentliga förtjänst han inlagt genom upptäckten av den spontana radioaktiviteten"; "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"; the other half jointly to: CURIE, PIERRE, France, École municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles, (Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry), Paris, * 1859, + 1906; and his wife CURIE, MARIE, née SKLODOWSKA, France, * 1867 (in Warsaw, Poland), + 1934: "såsom ett erkännande av den utomordentliga förtjänst de inlagt genom sina gemensamt utförda arbeten rörande de av Professor Henri Becquerel upptäckta strålningsfenomenen"; "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1904 RAYLEIGH, Lord (JOHN WILLIAM STRUTT), Great Britain, Royal Institution of Great Britain, London, * 1842, + 1919: "för hans undersökningar rörande de viktigaste gasernas täthet samt hans i sammanhang med dessa undersökningar gjorda upptäckt av argon"; "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1905 LENARD, PHILIPP EDUARD ANTON, Germany, Kiel University, * 1862 (in Pressburg, then Hungary), + 1947: "för hans arbeten över katodstrålarna"; "for his work on cathode rays". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1906 THOMSON, Sir JOSEPH JOHN, Great Britain, Cambridge University, * 1856, + 1940: "såsom ett erkännande av den stora förtjänst han inlagt genom sina teoretiska och experimentella undersökningar över elektricitetens gång genom gaser"; "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1907 MICHELSON, ALBERT ABRAHAM , U.S.A., Chicago University, * 1852 (in Strelno, then Germany), + 1931: "för hans optiska precisionsinstrument och hans därmed utförda spektroskopiska och metrologiska undersökningar"; "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1908 LIPPMANN, GABRIEL, France, Sorbonne University, Paris,* 1845 (in Hollerich, Luxembourg), + 1921: "för hans på interferensfenomenet grundade metod att fotografiskt återgiva färger"; "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1909 The prize was awarded jointly to: MARCONI, GUGLIELMO, Italy, Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd., London, Great Britain, * 1874, +1937; and BRAUN, CARL FERDINAND, Germany, Strasbourg University, Alsace (then Germany), * 1850, + 1918: "såsom ett erkännande av deras förtjänster om den trådlösa telegrafiens utveckling"; "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1910 VAN DER WAALS, JOHANNES DIDERIK, the Netherlands, Amsterdam University, * 1837, + 1923: "för hans arbeten angående gasers och vätskors tillståndsekvation"; "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1911 WIEN, WILHELM, Germany, Würzburg University, * 1864, + 1928: "för hans upptäckter angående värmestrålningens lagar"; "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1912 DALÉN, NILS GUSTAF, Sweden, Swedish Gas-Accumulator Co., Lidingö-Stockholm, * 1869, + 1937: "för hans uppfinningar av självverkande regulatorer att i kombination med gasaccumulatorer användas till belysning av fyrar och lysbojar"; "for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1913 KAMERLINGH-ONNES, HEIKE, the Netherlands, Leyden University * 1853, + 1926: "i anledning av hans undersökningar över kroppars egenskaper vid låga temperaturer, vilka bland annat lett till framställningen av flytande helium"; "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia to the production of liquid helium". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1914 VON LAUE, MAX, Germany, Frankfurt-on-the Main University, * 1879, + 1960: "för hans upptäckt av röntgenstrålarnas diffraktion i kristaller"; "for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1915 The prize was awarded jointly to: BRAGG, Sir WILLIAM HENRY, Great Britain, London University, * 1862, + 1942; and his son BRAGG, Sir WILLIAM LAWRENCE, Great Britain, Victoria University, Manchester, * 1890 (in Adelaide, Australia), + 1971: "för deras förtjänster om utforskandet av kristallstrukturer medelst röntgenstrålar"; "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1916 Reserved. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1917 The prize money for 1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1917: Reserved. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1918 The prize for 1917: BARKLA, CHARLES GLOVER, Great Britain, Edinburgh University, * 1877, + 1944: "för hans upptäckt av den karakteristiska röntgenstrålningen hos elementen"; "for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements". The prize for 1918: Reserved. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1919 The prize for 1918: PLANCK, MAX KARL ERNST LUDWIG, Germany, Berlin University, * 1858, + 1947: "såsom ett erkännande av den förtjänst han genom upptäckten av elementarkvanta inlagt om fysikens utveckling"; "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta". The prize for 1919: STARK, JOHANNES, Germany, Greifswald University, * 1874, + 1957: "för hans upptäckt av dopplereffekten hos kanalstrålar och av spektrallinjers uppdelning i elektriska fält"; "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1920 GUILLAUME, CHARLES EDOUARD, Switzerland, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), Sèvres, * 1861, + 1938: "såsom ett erkännande av den förtjänst han genom upptäckten av nickelstållegeringarnas anomalier inlagt om precisionsfysiken"; "in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1921 Reserved. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1922 The prize for 1921: EINSTEIN, ALBERT, Germany and Switzerland, Kaiser-WilhelmInstitut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Physik, Berlin, * 1879, + 1955: "för hans förtjänster om den teoretiska fysiken, särskilt hans upptäckt av lagen för den fotoelektriska effekten"; "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The prize for 1922: BOHR, NIELS, Denmark, Copenhagen University, * 1885, + 1962: "för hans förtjänster om utforskandet av atomernas struktur och den från dem utgående strålningen"; "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1923 MILLIKAN, ROBERT ANDREWS, U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, * 1868, + 1953: "för hans arbeten rörande den elektriska enhetsladdningen samt den fotoelektriska effekten"; "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1924 Reserved. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1925 The prize for 1924: SIEGBAHN, KARL MANNE GEORG, Sweden, Uppsala University, * 1886, + 1978: "för hans röntgenspektroskopiska upptäckter och forskningar"; "for his discoveries and researchin the field of X-ray spectroscopy". The prize for 1925: Reserved. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1926 The prize for 1925 was awarded jointly to: FRANCK, JAMES, Germany, Goettingen University, * 1882, + 1964; and HERTZ, GUSTAV, Germany, Halle University, * 1887, + 1975: "med anledning av deras upptäckt av lagarna för stöten mellan en elektron och en atom"; "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom". The prize for 1926: PERRIN, JEAN BAPTISTE, France, Sorbonne University, Paris, * 1870, + 1942: "för hans arbeten rörande materiens diskontinuerliga struktur, särskilt för hans upptäckt av sedimentationsjämvikten"; "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1927 The prize was divided equally between: COMPTON, ARTHUR HOLLY, U.S.A., Chicago University, * 1892, + 1962: "för hans upptäckt av den efter honom benämnda effekten"; "for his discovery of the effect named after him"; and WILSON, CHARLES THOMSON REES, Great Britain, Cambridge University, * 1869 (in Glencorse, Scotland), + 1959: "för upptäckten av hans metod att genom ångkondensation göra elektriskt laddade partiklars banor iakttagbara"; "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1928 Reserved. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1929 The prize for 1928: RICHARDSON, Sir OWEN WILLANS, Great Britain, London University, * 1879, + 1959: "för hans arbeten rörande termjonfenomenet och särskilt för upptäckten av den efter honom benämnda lagen"; "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him". The prize for 1929: DE BROGLIE, Prince LOUIS-VICTOR, France, Sorbonne University, Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris, * 1892, + 1987: "för upptäckten av elektronernas vågnatur"; "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1930 RAMAN, Sir CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA, India, Calcutta University, * 1888, + 1970: "för hans arbeten angående ljusets diffusion och för upptäckten av den efter honom uppkallade effekten"; "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1931 Reserved. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1932 The prize money for 1931 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1932: Reserved. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1933 The prize for 1932: HEISENBERG, WERNER, Germany, Leipzig University, * 1901, + 1976: "för uppställande av kvantmekaniken, vars användning bl.a. lett till upptäckten av vätets allotropa former"; "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the applica-tion of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen". The prize for 1933 was awarded jointly to: SCHRÖDINGER, ERWIN, Austria, Berlin University, Germany, * 1887, + 1961; and DIRAC, PAUL ADRIEN MAURICE, Great Britain, Cambridge University, * 1902, + 1984: "för upptäckandet av nya fruktbärande former av atomteorien"; "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1934 Reserved. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1935 The prize money for 1934 was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. The prize for 1935: CHADWICK, Sir JAMES, Great Britain, Liverpool University, * 1891, + 1974: "för upptäckten av neutronen"; "for the discovery of the neutron". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1936 The prize was divided equally between: HESS, VICTOR FRANZ, Austria, Innsbruck University, * 1883, + 1964: "för upptäckten av den kosmiska strålningen"; "for his discovery of cosmic radiation"; and ANDERSON, CARL DAVID, U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, * 1905, + 1991: "för upptäckten av positronen"; "for his discovery of the positron". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1937 The prize was awarded jointly to: DAVISSON, CLINTON JOSEPH, U.S.A., Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, NY, * 1881, + 1958; and THOMSON, Sir GEORGE PAGET, Great Britain, London Universi ty, * 1892, + 1975: "för den experimentella upptäckten av interferensfenomenet vid kristallers bestrålning med elektroner"; "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1938 FERMI, ENRICO, Italy, Rome University, * 1901, + 1954: "för hans påvisande av nya radioaktiva grundämnen, framställda genom neutronbestrålning, och hans i anslutning därtill gjorda upptäckt av kärnreaktioner, åstadkomna genom långsamma neutroner"; "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1939 LAWRENCE, ERNEST ORLANDO, U.S.A., University of California, Berkeley, CA, * 1901, + 1958: "för uppfinningen av cyklotronen, dess utveckling och med densamma vunna resultat, särskilt beträffande artificiellt radioaktiva element"; "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artifi cial radioactive elements". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1943 Reserved. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1944 The prize for 1943: STERN, OTTO, U.S.A., Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburg, PA, * 1888 (in Sorau, then Germany), + 1969: "för hans bidrag till utveckling av molekylstrålemetoden och upptäckten av protonens magnetiska moment"; "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton". The prize for 1944: RABI, ISIDOR ISAAC, U.S.A., Columbia University, New York, NY, * 1898, (in Rymanow, then Austria-Hungary) + 1988: "för den av honom angivna resonansmetoden för registrering av atomkärnans magnetiska egenskaper"; "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1945 PAULI, WOLFGANG, Austria, Princeton University, NJ, U.S.A., * 1900, + 1958: "för upptäckten av uteslutningsprincipen, även benämnd Pauliprincipen"; "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1946 BRIDGMAN, PERCY WILLIAMS, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1882, + 1961: "för uppfinningen av en apparatur för åstadkommande av extremt höga tryck för de upptäckter han med densamma gjort inom området för de höga tryckens fysik"; "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1947 APPLETON, Sir EDWARD VICTOR, Great Britain, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, * 1892, + 1965: "för hans arbeten rörande atmosfärens fysik, särskilt för upptäckten av det s.k. 'Appletonskiktet'"; "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1948 BLACKETT, Lord PATRICK MAYNARD STUART, Great Britain, Victoria University, Manchester, * 1897, + 1974: "för hans utveckling av Wilsonmetoden och hans därmed gjorda upptäckter inom kärnfysiken och rörande den kosmiska strålningen"; "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1949 YUKAWA, HIDEKI, Japan, Kyoto Imperial University and Columbia University, New York, NY, U.S.A., * 1907, + 1981: "för hans på grundval av teoretiska arbeten rörande kärnkrafterna gjorda förutsägelse av mesonernas existens"; "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1950 POWELL, CECIL FRANK, Great Britain, Bristol University, * 1903, + 1969: "för hans utveckling av den fotografiska metoden för studiet av kärnprocesser och hans därvid gjorda upptäckter rörande mesonerna"; "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1951 The prize was awarded jointly to: COCKCROFT, Sir JOHN DOUGLAS, Great Britain, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Didcot, Berks., * 1897, + 1967; and WALTON, ERNEST THOMAS SINTON, Ireland, Dublin University, * 1903: "för deras pionjärarbete vid genomförandet av kärnomvandlingar medelst artificiellt accelererade partiklar"; "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially acce lerated atomic particles". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1952 The prize was awarded jointly to: BLOCH, FELIX, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, * 1905 (in Zürich, Switzerland), + 1983; and PURCELL, EDWARD MILLS, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1912: "för deras utveckling av nya metoder för kärnmagnetiska precisionsmätningar och därmed gjorda upptäckter"; "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discove ries in connection therewith". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1953 ZERNIKE, FRITS (FREDERIK), the Netherlands, Groningen University, * 1888, + 1966: "för den av honom angivna faskontrastmetoden, särskilt för hans uppfinning av faskontrastmikroskopet"; "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1954 The prize was divided equally between: BORN, MAX, Great Britain, Edinburgh University, * 1882 (in Breslau, then Germany), + 1970: "för hans grundläggande arbeten inom kvantmekaniken, särskilt hans statistiska tolkning av vågfunktionen"; "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"; and BOTHE, WALTHER, Germany, Heidelberg University, Max-Planck Institut (former Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut) für medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, * 1891, + 1957: "för koincidensmetoden och hans därmed gjorda upptäckter"; "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1955 The prize was divided equally between: LAMB, WILLIS EUGENE, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, * 1913: "för hans upptäckter rörande finstrukturen i vätets spektrum"; "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"; and KUSCH, POLYKARP, U.S.A., Columbia University, New York, NY, * 1911 (in Blankenburg, then Germany), + 1993: "för hans precisionsbestämning av elektronens magnetiska moment"; "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1956 The prize was awarded jointly, one third each, to: SHOCKLEY, WILLIAM, U.S.A., Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments, Inc., Mountain View, CA, * 1910 (in London, Great Britain), + 1989; BARDEEN, JOHN, U.S.A., University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, * 1908, + 1991; and BRATTAIN, WALTER HOUSER, U.S.A., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, * 1902, + 1987: "för deras undersökningar över halvledare och upptäckt av transistor effekten"; "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1957 The prize was awarded jointly to: YANG, CHEN NING, China, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, U.S.A., * 1922; and LEE, TSUNG-DAO, China, Columbia University, New York, NY, U.S.A., *1926: "för deras djupgående undersökning av de s.k. paritetslagarna, vilken har lett till viktiga upptäckter rörande elementarpartiklarna"; "for their penetratinginvestigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary partic les". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1958 The prize was awarded jointly to: CHERENKOV, PAVEL ALEKSEYEVICH, USSR, Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, *1904, + 1990; FRANK, IL'JA MIKHAILOVICH, USSR, University of Moscow and Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, * 1908, + 1990; and TAMM, IGOR YEVGENYEVICH, USSR, University of Moscow and Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Scien-ces, Moscow, * 1885, + 1971: "för upptäckten och tolkningen av Cherenkoveffekten"; "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1959 The prize was awarded jointly to: SEGRÈ, EMILIO GINO, U.S.A., University of California, Berkeley, CA, * 1905 (in Tivoli, Italy), + 1989; and CHAMBERLAIN, OWEN, U.S.A., University of California, Berkeley, CA, * 1920: "för deras upptäckt av antiprotonen"; "for their discovery of the antiproton". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1960 GLASER, DONALD A., U.S.A., University of California, Berkeley, CA, * 1926: "för uppfinningen av bubbelkammaren"; "for the invention of the bubble chamber". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1961 The prize was divided equally between: HOFSTADTER, ROBERT, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, * 1915, + 1990: "för hans banbrytande undersökningar över elektronspridningen mot atomkärnor och därvid gjorda upptäckter rörande nukleonernas struktur"; "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of the nucleons"; and MÖSSBAUER, RUDOLF LUDWIG, Germany, Technische Hochschule, Munich, and California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, U.S.A., * 1929: "för hans undersökningar rörande gammastrålningens resonansabsorption och därvid gjorda upptäckt av den efter honom benämnda effekten"; "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1962 LANDAU, LEV DAVIDOVICH, USSR, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, * 1908, + 1968: "för hans banbrytande teorier för kondenserad materia, särskilt flytande helium"; "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1963 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: WIGNER, EUGENE P., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, * 1902 (in Budapest, Hungary), U 1995: "för hans insatser inom teorien för atomkärnorna och elementarpartiklarna, särskilt genom upptäckten och tillämpningen av fundamentala symmetriprinciper"; "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"; and the other half jointly to: GOEPPERT-MAYER, MARIA, U.S.A., University of California, La Jolla, CA, * 1906 (in Kattowitz, then Germany), + 1972; and JENSEN, J. HANS D., Germany, University of Heidelberg, * 1907, + 1973: "för deras upptäckter beträffande atomkärnornas skalstruktur"; "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1964 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: TOWNES, CHARLES H., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , Cambridge, MA, * 1915; and the other half jointly to: BASOV, NICOLAY GENNADIYEVICH, USSR, Lebedev Institute for Physics, Akademija Nauk, Moscow, * 1922; and PROKHOROV, ALEKSANDR MIKHAILOVICH, USSR, Lebedev Institute for Physics, Akademija Nauk, Moscow, * 1916: "för grundläggande arbeten inom kvantelektroniken, som lett till framställning av oscillatorer och förstärkare enligt maser-laserprincipen"; "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1965 The prize was awarded jointly to: TOMONAGA, SIN-ITIRO, Japan, Tokyo, University of Education, Tokyo, * 1906, + 1979; SCHWINGER, JULIAN, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1918, U 1994; and FEYNMAN, RICHARD P., U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, * 1918, + 1988: "för deras fundamentala insats inom kvantelektrodynamiken, med djupgående konsekvenser för elementarpartikelfysiken"; "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1966 KASTLER, ALFRED, France, École Normale Supérieure, Université de Paris, * 1902, + 1984: "för upptäckt och utveckling av optiska metoder för studiet av hertzska resonanser i atomer"; "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying hertzian resonances in atoms". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1967 BETHE, HANS ALBRECHT, U.S.A., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, * 1906 (in Strasbourg, then Germany): "för hans insatser inom teorien för kärnreaktioner, särskilt hans upptäckter rörande energialstringen i stjärnorna"; "for his contributions to the theory ofnuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1968 ALVAREZ, LUIS W., U.S.A., University of California, Berkeley, CA, * 1911, + 1988: "för hans avgörande insatser inom elementarpartikelfysiken, särskilt upptäckten av ett stort antal resonanstillstånd, möjliggjord genom hans utveckling av tekniken med vätebubbelkammare och dataanalys"; "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1969 GELL-MANN, MURRAY, U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, * 1929: "för hans bidrag och upptäckter beträffande klassificeringen av elementarpartiklarna och deras växelverkan"; "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1970 The prize was divided equally between: ALFVÉN, HANNES, Sweden, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, * 1908, U 1995: "för grundläggande insatser och upptäckter inom magnetohydrodynamiken med fruktbärande tillämpningar inom olika områden av plasmafysiken"; "for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"; and NÉEL, LOUIS, France, University of Grenoble, Grenoble, * 1904: "för grundläggande insatser och upptäckter rörande antiferromagnetism och ferrimagnetism som lett till betydelsefulla tillämpningar inom det fasta tillståndets fysik"; "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1971 GABOR, DENNIS, Great Britain, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, * 1900 (in Budapest, Hungary), + 1979: "för hans uppfinning och utveckling av den holografiska metoden"; "for his invention and development of the holographic method". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1972 The prize was awarded jointly to: BARDEEN, JOHN, U.S.A., University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, * 1908, + 1991; COOPER, LEON N., U.S.A., Brown University, Providence, RI, * 1930; and SCHRIEFFER, J. ROBERT, U.S.A., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, * 1931: "för den av dem gemensamt utvecklade teorien för supraledningsfenomenet, vanligen kallad BCS-teorien"; "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1973 The prize was divided, one half being equally shared between: ESAKI, LEO, Japan, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, U.S.A., * 1925; and GIAEVER, IVAR, U.S.A., General Electric Company, Schenectady, NY, * 1929 (in Bergen, Norway), "för deras experimentella upptäckter rörande tunnelfenomenet i halvledare, respektive supraledare"; "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively", and the other half to: JOSEPHSON, BRIAN D., Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, * 1940: "för hans teoretiska förutsägelser av egenskaperna hos en supraström genom en tunnelbarriär, särskilt de fenomen vilka allmänt benämnas Josephson-effekterna"; "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1974 The prize was awarded jointly to: RYLE, Sir MARTIN, Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, * 1918, + 1984; and HEWISH, ANTONY, Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, * 1924: "för deras banbrytande arbeten inom radioastrofysiken: Ryle för hans observationer och uppfinningar, särskilt apertursyntestekniken, och Hewish för hans avgörande insatser vid upptäckten av pulsarerna"; "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1975 The prize was awarded jointly to: BOHR, AAGE, Denmark, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, * 1922; MOTTELSON, BEN, Denmark, Nordita, Copenhagen, * 1926 (in Chicago, U.S.A.); and RAINWATER, JAMES, U.S.A., Columbia University, New York, NY, * 1917, + 1986: "för upptäckten av sambandet mellan kollektiva rörelser och partikelrörelser i atomkärnor, samt den därpå baserade utvecklingen av teorien för atomkärnans struktur"; "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1976 The prize was divided equally between: RICHTER, BURTON, U.S.A., Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, CA, * 1931; TING, SAMUEL C. C., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, (European Center for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland), * 1936: "för deras ledande insatser vid upptäckten av en tung elementarpartikel av nytt slag"; "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1977 The prize was divided equally between: ANDERSON, PHILIP W., U.S.A., Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, * 1923; MOTT, Sir NEVILL F., Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, * 1905; and VAN VLECK, JOHN H., U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1899, + 1980: "för deras grundläggande teoretiska insatser rörande elektronstrukturen i magnetiska och oordnade system"; "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1978 The prize was divided, one half being awarded to: KAPITSA, PYOTR LEONIDOVICH, USSR, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, * 1894, + 1984: "för hans grundläggande uppfinningar och upptäckter inom lågtemperaturfysiken"; "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"; and the other half divided equally between: PENZIAS, ARNO A., U.S.A., Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ, * 1933 (in Munich, Germany); and WILSON, ROBERT W., U.S.A., Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ, * 1936: "för deras upptäckt av den kosmiska bakgrunden av mikrovågor"; "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1979 The prize was divided equally between: GLASHOW, SHELDON L., U.S.A., Lyman Laboratory, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1932; SALAM, ABDUS, Pakistan, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, and Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, Great Britain, * 1926; and WEINBERG, STEVEN, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1933: "för deras insatser inom teorin för förenad svag och elektromagnetisk växelverkan mellan elementar partiklar, innefattande bl.a. förutsägelsen av den svaga neutrala strömmen"; "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1980 The prize was divided equally between: CRONIN, JAMES, W., U.S.A., University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, * 1931; and FITCH, VAL L., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, * 1923: "för upptäckten av brott mot fundamentala symmetriprinciper i neutrala K-mesoners sönderfall"; "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1981 The prize was awarded by one half jointly to: BLOEMBERGEN, NICOLAAS, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1920 (in the Netherlands); and SCHAWLOW, ARTHUR L., U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, * 1921: "för deras bidrag till utvecklingen av laserspektroskopien"; "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"; and the other half to: SIEGBAHN, KAI M., Sweden, Uppsala University, Uppsala, * 1918: "för hans bidrag till utvecklingen av den högupplösande elektronspektroskopien"; "for his contribution to the development of high- resolution electron spectroscopy". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1982 WILSON, KENNETH G., U.S.A., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, * 1936: "för hans teori för kritiska fenomen vid fasomvandlingar"; "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1983 The prize was awarded by one half to: CHANDRASEKHAR, SUBRAMANYAN, U.S.A., University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, * 1910 (in Lahore, India): "för hans teoretiska studier av de fysikaliska processer, som är av betydelse för stjärnornas struktur och utveckling"; "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars". and by the other half to: FOWLER, WILLIAM A., U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, * 1911, U 1995: "för hans teoretiska och experimentella studier av de kärnreaktioner, som är av betydelse för de kemiska elementens bildning i universum"; "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1984 The prize was awarded jointly to: RUBBIA, CARLO, Italy, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, * 1934; and VAN DER MEER, SIMON, the Netherlands, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, * 1925: "för deras avgörande insatser i det stora projekt, som lett till upptäckten av fältpartiklarna W och Z, förmedlare av svag växelverkan"; "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1985 VON KLITZING, KLAUS, Federal Republic of Germany, Max-PlanckInstitute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, * 1943: "för upptäckten av den kvantiserade Halleffekten"; "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1986 The prize was awarded by one half to: RUSKA, ERNST, Federal Republic of Germany, Fritz- Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, * 1906, + 1988: "för hans fundamentala elektronoptiska arbeten och konstruktionen av det första elektronmikroskopet"; "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope". and the other half jointly to: BINNIG, GERD, Federal Republic of Germany, IBM Zürich Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland, * 1947; and ROHRER, HEINRICH, Switzerland, IBM Zürich Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland, * 1933: "för deras konstruktion av sveptunnelmikroskopet"; "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1987 The prize was awarded jointly to: BEDNORZ, J. GEORG, Federal Republic of Germany, IBM Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland, * 1950; and MÜLLER, K. ALEXANDER, Switzerland, IBM Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland, * 1927: "för deras banbrytande upptäckt av supraledning i keramiska material"; "for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1988 The prize was awarded jointly to: LEDERMAN, LEON M., U.S.A., Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, * 1922; SCHWARTZ, MELVIN, U.S.A., Digital Pathways, Inc., Mountain View, CA, * 1932; and STEINBERGER, JACK, U.S.A., CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, * 1921 (in Bad Kissingen, FRG): "för metoden med neutrinostrålar och påvisandet av leptonernas dubblettstruktur genom upptäckten av myonneutrinon"; "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1989 The prize was awarded by one half to: RAMSEY, NORMAN F., U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1915: "för uppfinningen av metoden med separerade oscillerande fält och dess användning i vätemasern och andra atomklockor"; "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks". and the other half jointly to: DEHMELT, HANS G., U.S.A., University of Washington, Seattle, WA, * 1922 (in Görlitz, Germany); and PAUL, WOLFGANG, Federal Republic of Germany, University of Bonn, Bonn, * 1913, U 1993: "för utvecklingen av jonfälletekniken"; "for the development of the ion trap technique". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1990 The prize was awarded jointly to: FRIEDMAN, JEROME I., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, * 1930; KENDALL, HENRY W., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, * 1926; and TAYLOR, RICHARD E., Canada, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, U.S.A., * 1929: "för deras banbrytande undersökningar rörande starkt inelastisk spridning av elektroner mot protoner och bundna neutroner, vilka haft en avgörande betydelse för utvecklingen av kvarkmodellen inom partikelfysiken"; "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1991 de GENNES, PIERRE-GILLES, France, Collège de France, Paris, * 1932: "för upptäckten att metoder, som utvecklats för att beskriva ordning i enkla system, kan generaliseras till att gälla mer komplicerade former av materia, särskilt flytande kristaller och polymerer"; "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1992 CHARPAK, GEORGES, France, École Supérieure de Physique et Chimie, Paris and CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, * 1924 ( in Poland): "för hans uppfinning och utveckling av partikeldetektorer, särskilt flertrådsproportionalkammaren"; "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1993 The prize was awarded jointly to: HULSE, RUSSELL A., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, * 1950, and TAYLOR Jr., JOSEPH H., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, * 1941: "för upptäckten av en ny typ av pulsar, en upptäckt som öppnat nya möjligheter för studiet av gravitationen"; "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation". THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1994 The prize was awarded "för pionjärinsatser vid utvecklingen av neutronspridningsmetoder för studier av kondenserad materia"; "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter" by one half to: BROCKHOUSE, BERTRAM N., Canada, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, * 1918: "för utveckling av neutronspektroskopin"; "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and by the other half to: SHULL, CLIFFORD G., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, * 1915: "för utveckling av neutrondiffraktionstekniken"; "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique". | |
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