1. Native American Authors: Zitkala Sa Gertrude Simmons Bonnin Also Known As ZitkalaSa; Red Bird Occupation Native American activist, Writer, Public speaker http://www.ipl.org/cgi/ref/native/browse.pl/A91

the Internet Public Library Native American Authors Project Zitkala Sa , 1876-1938 Sioux Dakota Zitkala Sa was born at the Yankton Reservation in South Dakota where she was raised as a tradtional Sioux. Sa attended a Quaker missionary school in Indiana, White's Manual Labor Institute. She later attended Earlham College, 1895-1897, also in Indiana, then taught at Carlisle Indian Training School. In 1916 Zitkala was elected secretary-treasurer of the Society of American Indian, also editing their journal, American Indian Magazine. In 1921 she founded her own political organization, the National Council of American Indians. Online resources by or about Zitkala Sa: An Indian Teacher Among Indians by Zitkala Sa Author: University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center Type: etext Description: An Indian Teacher Among Indians by Zitkala-Sa, originally published by Atlantic Monthly, New York, 1900, Volume 85. URL: Gertrude Bonnin, Zitkala Sha Author: Paula Giese Type: authorbio Description: Biography of Zitkala Sa prepared by Paula Giese. URL: http://www.kstrom.net/isk/stories/authors/bonnin.html

2. Gertrude Simmons Bonnin Gertrude Simmons Bonnin. 18761938. SOURCES Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons, Old IndianLegends (reprint of original 1901 edition), University of Nebraska Press, 1985. http://www.nativepubs.com/nativepubs/Apps/bios/0025BonninGertrude.asp?pic=none

3. Gertrude Simmons Bonnin Gertrude Simmons Bonnin’s collection of short stories was very interestingand documented well. Word Count 301. Essay Title Gertrude Simmons Bonnin. http://www.getfreeessays.com/show_essay/393.html

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4. Free Essays On Gertrude Simmons Bonnin Gertrude Simmons Bonnin’s collection of short stories was very interesting anddocumented well. Category People. Word Count 301. Gertrude Simmons Bonnin. http://www.freeforessays.com/show_essay/393.html

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5. Gertrude Simmons Bonnin Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, Zitkala Sha (Red Bird),was an extraordinarily talented and educated Native American http://www.geocities.com/ch0pstiks14/bonnin.html

Gertrude Simmons Bonnin "Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, Zitkala Sha (Red Bird), was an extraordinarily talented and educated Native American woman who struggled and triumphed in a time when severe prejudice prevailed toward Native American culture and women. Her talents and contributions in the worlds of literature, music, and politics challenge long-standing beliefs in the white man's culture as good, and Native Americans as sinful savages. Bonnin aimed at creating understanding between the dominant white and Native American cultures. As a woman of mixed white and Native American ancestry, she embodied the need for the two cultures to live cooperatively within the same body of land. Her works criticized dogma, and her life as a Native American woman was dedicated against the evils of oppression." "Bonnin was born in 1876, on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. Her father was a white man named Felker, about whom little is known. Her mother was Ellen Tate Iyohinwin (She Reaches for the Wind) Simmons, a full-blooded Sioux. Bonnin was Simmons' third child. At only eight years of age, Bonnin decided to leave her mother and the reservation to attend White's Manual Labor Institute in Wabash, Indiana. This was a school funded by the Quakers. After four years she returned home, but then enrolled, against her mother's wishes, at the Santee Normal Training School. She chose this school because it was close to her mother. In 1895, she decided to move on and accepted entrance and scholarships to Earlham College in Indiana."

6. Dakota Profile - Bonnin Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (ZitkalaSa) 1875-1938. Yankton Dakota AmericanIndian activist Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) was http://www.sdhistory.org/dp_bonnin.htm

Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) Yankton Dakota American Indian activist Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) was a teacher, musician, and writer, who worked for the Indian Service in South Dakota and Utah. Bonnin's activities in the Society of American Indians precipitated her move to Washington, D.C., in 1916. An accomplished lecturer, she boldly criticized the white man's treatment of American Indians. In 1928, Bonnin formed the National Council of American Indians. Lobbying for Indian legislation, she secured the active interest of the General Federation of Women's Clubs in American Indian welfare, which resulted in a federal commission under Lewis Meriam to study Indian conditions. A more detailed profile is printed in Volume 10 Number 3 of South Dakota History, the journal of the South Dakota State Historical Society. Back to Dakota Profiles

7. Backflip Publisher: Tonkteacher | Folder: Zitkala-Sa Bonnin, Gertrude. Bonnin, Gertrude (18761938), writer and reformer Born on February 22, 1876, at the Yankton Sioux http://www.backflip.com/members/tonkteacher/9721224/sort=0

Your browser either doesn't support JavaScript or has JavaScript disabled. Since many of the features of this site require JavaScript, click here to find out how to download or enable a compatible browser. Public Folders The Web Select a Web page from this folder below. Public Directory tonkteacher 10th American Literature 6 Voices of the Old West Zitkala-Sa (updated 2001/07/10) [Copy Folder] document.write(""); About Her Works Online Literature About the Author Sort by: Title Date Added About Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) (1876-1938) About arts and literature. Get hot news, helpful advice, key links, and invaluable perspective from our expert human Guides. (added 2001/07/10) Zitkala-Sa http://biography.about.com/arts/biography/blzitkalasa.htm Bonnin, Gertrude Bonnin, Gertrude (1876-1938), writer and reformer Born on February 22, 1876, at the Yankton Sioux Agency in South Dakota, Gertrude Simmons was the dau (added 2001/07/10) Zitkala-Sa http://www.britannica.com/women/articles/Bonnin_Gertrude.html Cooper Child Zitkala-Sa Writing About Indians James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans (1826) Lydia Maria Child, Hobomok (1824) Zitkala-Sa [aka Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (added 2001/07/31) Zitkala-Sa http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/americanstudies/lavender/mhiques.html

8. American Indian Stories. ZITKALASA (Gertrude Bonnin) A Dakota Sioux Indian ZITKALA-SA (Gertrude Bonnin ) Dakota Sioux Indian http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/zitkala-sa/stories/stories.html

[Page] AMERICAN INDIAN STORIES [Frontispiece] ZITKALA-SA (Gertrude Bonnin) A Dakota Sioux Indian Title Page American Indian Stories BY ZITKALA-SA ( Gertrude Bonnin Dakota Sioux Indian Lecturer; Author of "Old Indian Legends," "Americanize the First American," and other stories; Member of the Woman's National Foundation, League of American Pen-Women, and the Washington Salon There is no great; there is no small; in the mind that causeth all Washington Hayworth Publishing House [Page] [Page] CONTENTS PAGE Impressions of an Indian Childhood The School Days of an Indian Girl An Indian Teacher Among Indians The Great Spirit ... America's Indian Problem [Page]

9. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Bonnin, Gertrude (Zitkala-Sa) (A-D) Looking for the best facts and sites on Bonnin, Gertrude (ZitkalaSa)? Bonnin, GertrudeBiography; Bonnin, Gertrude Biography; Bonnin, Gertrude Biography; http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Bio

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Bonnin, Gertrude (Zitkala-Sa) document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); Bonnin, Gertrude: Biography Bonnin, Gertrude: Biography Bonnin, Gertrude: Biography Bonnin, Gertrude: Brief Biography ... Contact Us

10. Bonnin, Gertrude Bonnin, Gertrude. (18761938), writer and reformer Born on February22, 1876, at the Yankton Sioux Agency in South Dakota, Gertrude http://search.eb.com/women/articles/Bonnin_Gertrude.html

Bonnin, Gertrude (1876-1938), writer and reformer Born on February 22, 1876, at the Yankton Sioux Agency in South Dakota, Gertrude Simmons was the daughter of a Dakota mother and a white father. When she was eight, she was sent to Indiana to attend a Quaker missionary school for Native Americans. At the age of 19, against her family's wishes, Simmons enrolled at Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana, and graduated in 1897. For two years she taught at the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania, but she was uncomfortable with the school's harsh discipline and its curriculum, which was devised to teach European ways and history, thus eradicating students' Native American cultural identity. While at Carlisle Simmons published several short stories and autobiographical essays in The Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Monthly under her pen name, Zitkala-Sa (Red Bird). The pieces' themes derive from her personal struggle to retain her cultural heritage amidst pressure to adapt to the dominant white culture. In 1901 she published Old Indian Legends

11. Zitkala-Sa Or Gertrude Simmons Bonnin Gertrude Bonnin (ZitkalaSa) (Sioux) (1876-1938) Contributing Editor Kristin Herzog Classroom Issues and Strategies http://www.gonzaga.edu/faculty/campbell/enl311/zitkala.htm

Literary Movements Timeline American Authors English 310/510 ... English 462/562 Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) (1876-1938) American Literature Sites Foley Library Catalog Zitkala-Sa Biography and links at the Native American Authors Project Biography by Roseanne Hoefel and bibliography at the The Online Archive of Nineteenth-Century U.S. Women's Writings. (Image courtesy of this site.) Biographical sketch by Melessa Rae Henderson at the Voices from the Gaps: American Women of Color site. Brief Biography at http://indy4.fdl.cc.mn.us/~isk/stories/authors/bonnin.html Kristin Herzog's general commentary on teaching Zitkala-Sa from the Heath Anthology site. General Bibliography of Native American Literature Works Available Online An Indian Teacher Among Indians Atlantic Monthly ( 1900), Volume 85. Impressions of an Indian Childhood Atlantic Monthly Old Indian Legends (1901) Old Indian Legends (1901) (plain text from Project Gutenberg) School Days of an Indian Girl Atlantic Monthly Soft Hearted Sioux Harper's Monthly , New York (1901 )

12. Biographies--A To Z Bond, Carrie Jacobs. Bonney, Mary Lucinda. Bonney, Thérèse. Bonnin, Gertrude.Bontecou, Lee. Booth, Evangeline Cory. Booth, Mary Louise. Booth, Maud Ballington. http://search.eb.com/women/ind_articles.html

Abbott, Berenice Abbott, Edith Abbott, Grace Abzug, Bella Abbott, Berenice Abbott, Edith Abbott, Grace Abzug, Bella ... birthplaces by state

13. Encyclopædia Britannica Bonnin, Gertrude. (18761938), writer and reformer http://preview.eb.com/women/articles/Bonnin_Gertrude.html

Home Browse Store Subscribe Log In or Subscribe Now Log-in Password Remember me Forgot your password? Not a subscriber yet? Learn about the service Account Management Shopping Price: USD $750 There's never been a better time to buy Britannica! Great Books of the Western World Price: USD $595 Save 50% during our Annual Reference Sale Event! The Annals of America Price: USD $197.50 Save 50%! Hurry - these savings end April 7, 2003. Visit Britannica Store All Britannica.com Britannica Student Encyclopedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Websites Video and Media Dictionary Thesaurus Not sure of the spelling? Search Tips Suggested Searches: poetry Greece baseball Collegiate Dictionary Collegiate Thesaurus Browse Britannica Delve into the rich content of using our selection of browse features. Browse Alphabetically A B C D ... Z Browse Britannica's World Atlas The World Africa Asia and Russia Australia and Oceania ... South America Browse Timelines Trace selected topics through history with illustrations and key dates. Britannica Student Encyclopedia Timelines Browse by Subject subject browse Browse Year in Review Explore notable occurrences in science, politics, sports and more, organized by the year in which they occurred, with Britannica's

14. Voices From The Gaps: Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) Women Writers of Color. Gertrude Simmons Bonnin. (18761938). Native AuthorsGertrudeBonnin, ZitkalaSha A biography of the author's life and work. http://voices.cla.umn.edu/authors/GertrudeSimmonsBonnin.html

This page has moved to a new location. You will be automatically redirected to the new VOICES FROM THE GAPS in 10 seconds. Don't forget to update your bookmarks! If you're browser doesn't move to the new site in 10 seconds, you can click this link: Gertrude Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa)

15. Voices From The Gaps: Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitakala-Sa) Gertrude SIMMONS Bonnin (ZITKALASA) (1876-1938). PROJECT INFO. Native AuthorsGertrudeBonnin, ZitkalaSha A biography of the author's life and work. http://voices.cla.umn.edu/authors/BONNINgertrude.html

PROJECT WRITERS CLASSROOM SUBMIT ... By significant dates GERTRUDE SIMMONS BONNIN (ZITKALA-SA) PROJECT INFO Overview and purpose of the program Awards List of contributors Permissions list ... Contact us (please note that we have no contact with the writers and cannot provide contact information) A 'Christianity' pugilist commented upon a recent article of mine, grossly perverting the spirit of my pen. Still I would not forget that the pale-faced missionary and the hoodooed aborigine are both God's creatures, though small indeed their own conceptions of Infinite Love. A wee child toddling in a wonder world, I prefer to their dogma my excursions into the natural gardens where the voice of the Great Spirit is heard in the twittering of birds, the rippling of mighty waters, and the sweet breathing of flowers. If this is Paganism, then at present, at least, I am a Pagan. "Why I am A Pagan" Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) Photo credits Click to go to: Biography - Criticism Selected Bibliography Related Links BIOGRAPHY - CRITICISM Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, Zitkala Sha (Red Bird), was an extraordinarily talented and educated Native American woman who struggled and triumphed in a time when severe prejudice prevailed toward Native American culture and women. Her talents and contributions in the worlds of literature, music, and politics challenge long-standing beliefs in the white man's culture as good, and Native Americans as sinful savages. Bonnin aimed at creating understanding between the dominant white and Native American cultures. As a woman of mixed white and Native American ancestry, she embodied the need for the two cultures to live cooperatively within the same body of land. Her works criticized dogma, and her life as a Native American woman was dedicated against the evils of oppression.

16. Native Authors--Gertrude Bonnin, Zitkala Sha Gertrude Bonnin, Zitkala Sha; Native American Author Bios. http://indy4.fdl.cc.mn.us/~isk/stories/authors/bonnin.html

Gertrude Bonnin Zitkala Sha Yankton Nakota Page Navigation Buttons G ertrude Simmons Bonnin, Zitkala Sha (Red Bird) , Yankton Nakota (Eastern Sioux), 1876-1938. Short story writer, cultural preserver, essayist, orator, editor, musician and composer, political activist. G ertrude Simmons Bonnin faced, and to the extent it was humanly possible, overcame or sidestepped almost all the same problems in a much more severe form of that time that still face educated, intelligent Indian women today. Her life, efforts, and achievements are a fitting role model of intellectual and charismatic political leadership at a time when women (much less Indian women) were supposed to have no brains, and be happy, quiet mothers. S he has been described by one critic (Dexter Fischer) as "...always on the threshhold of two worlds, but never fully entering either." It seems to me more that from a position in the white world that she created in the teeth of a world as hostile to intelligent women leaders as to Indians, she created changes and improvements in the Indian world to which she was born. Though she was a mixed-blood or half-breed, she did not have identity problems as to which world was hers. G ertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala Sha). was born to Ellen

17. Native American Publications Black Kettle Blackowl, Archie Blake, George BlondinAndrew, Ethel Blue Eagle, AceeBob, Dempsey Bomberry, Vincent Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons Bordeaux, Lionel R http://www.nativepubs.com/nativepubs/Apps/pagemaker.asp?name=B

18. Gertrude Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) (Sioux) (1876-1938) Gertrude Bonnin (ZitkalaSa) (Sioux) (1876-1938). Young, Mary E. Bonnin, GertrudeSimmons. Notable American Women, 1607-1950 A Biographical Dictionary, Vol. http://college.hmco.com/english/heath/syllabuild/iguide/bonnin.html

Gertrude Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) (Sioux) (1876-1938) Contributing Editor: Kristin Herzog Classroom Issues and Strategies Without a knowledge of Zitkala-Sa's life and the near impossibility for an American Indian woman of her time to publish independently, students will wonder where these stories fit in. It is important to point out the extreme difficulties of a writer trying to preserve a tribal heritage and yet to communicate to a white audience. Besides dealing with matters of biography, history, and style, I think approaching these early American Indian authors from the religious perspective (Native American spirituality versus enforced assimilation to Christian beliefs) is effective in helping students to sense the very basic dilemma of a writer, a problem of cultural and spiritual identity that goes deeper than mere issues of civil rights, important as they are. Students easily identify with the aspect of social criticism or rebellion, but may not find the style particularly attractive because they do not know the historical and biographical background and the tastes of the literary market at this time. Major Themes, Historical Perspectives, and Personal Issues

19. Heath Anthology Of American Literature 4/e Gertrude Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa; Sioux) Gertrude Bonnin (ZitkalaSa; Sioux) (1876-1938) In her writings as well as her workas an Indian rights activist, Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, or Zitkala-Sa (Red http://college.hmco.com/english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/late_ninet

Site Orientation Heath Orientation Timeline Access Author Profile Pages by: Table of Contents Authors by Name Authors by Year Internet Research Guide Textbook Site for: The Heath Anthology of American Literature , Fourth Edition Paul Lauter, General Editor Gertrude Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa; Sioux) Meanwhile, the estrangement from her mother and the old ways of the reservation had grown, as had her indignation over the treatment of American Indians by the state, church, and population at large. Around 1900 she began to express her feelings publicly in writing. In articles in the Atlantic Monthly and other journals she struggled with the issues of cultural dislocation and injustice that brought suffering to her people. But her authorial voice was not merely critical. She was earnestly committed to being a bridge builder between cultures, for example, by writing Old Indian Legends, published in 1901. "I have tried," she says in the introduction to that work, "to transplant the native spirit of these tales—root and all—into the English language, since America in the last few centuries has acquired a second tongue." In the following decades, Zitkala-Sa's writing efforts were increasingly part of, and finally supplanted by, her work as an Indian rights activist. She had accepted a clerkship at the Standing Rock Reservation, where she met and married Raymond T. Bonnin, another Sioux employee of the Indian service. The Bonnins then transferred to a reservation in Utah where they became affiliated with the Society of American Indians. Zitkala-Sa was elected secretary of the Society in 1916, and the Bonnins moved to Washington, D.C., where she worked with the Society and edited the

20. Native Authors--Gertrude Bonnin, Zitkala Sha Gertrude Bonnin Zitkala Sha Yankton Nakota Page Navigation Buttons Gertrude SimmonsBonnin, Zitkala Sha (Red Bird), Yankton Nakota (Eastern Sioux), 18761938. http://www.kstrom.net/isk/stories/authors/bonnin.html

Gertrude Bonnin Zitkala Sha Yankton Nakota Page Navigation Buttons G ertrude Simmons Bonnin, Zitkala Sha (Red Bird) , Yankton Nakota (Eastern Sioux), 1876-1938. Short story writer, cultural preserver, essayist, orator, editor, musician and composer, political activist. G ertrude Simmons Bonnin faced, and to the extent it was humanly possible, overcame or sidestepped almost all the same problems in a much more severe form of that time that still face educated, intelligent Indian women today. Her life, efforts, and achievements are a fitting role model of intellectual and charismatic political leadership at a time when women (much less Indian women) were supposed to have no brains, and be happy, quiet mothers. S he has been described by one critic (Dexter Fischer) as "...always on the threshhold of two worlds, but never fully entering either." It seems to me more that from a position in the white world that she created in the teeth of a world as hostile to intelligent women leaders as to Indians, she created changes and improvements in the Indian world to which she was born. Though she was a mixed-blood or half-breed, she did not have identity problems as to which world was hers. G ertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala Sha). was born to Ellen

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