1. Africa South Of The Sahara - Culture And Society An annotated guide to internet resources on african culture and society.Category Regional africa Society and Culture...... twostory architecture, Islam and indigenous african cultures The web site for hercourse peoples and Cultures html Chokwe.com - Chokwe, Lwena/luvale, Lunda and http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/culture.html

Topics Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: Countries Adire African Textiles - Duncan Clarke History, background, and photographs of adire, adinkra, kente, bogolan, Yoruba aso-oke, akwete, ewe, kuba, and nupe textiles. The symbolism of images is often provided. One can purchase textiles as well. Clarke's Ph.D. dissertation (School of Oriental and African Studies) is on Yoruba men's weaving. Based in London. http://www.adire.clara.net Africa e Mediterraneo (Roma : Istituto sindacale per la cooperazione allo sviluppo) In Italian. A quarterly magazine about African culture and society. Has the table of contents. Topics covered: literature and theatre, music and dance, visual arts (painting, sculpture, photography), cinema, immigration. Owned by Lai-momo, a non-profit co-operative. Contact: redazione@africaemediterraneo.it [KF] http://www.africaemediterraneo.it Africa: One Continent. Many Worlds Extensive site for the traveling art exhibit from the Field Museum, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

2. Democratic Republic Of The Congo / DRC (Kinshasa) An annotated guide to internet resources on africa.Category Regional africa Congo, Democratic Republic of the...... za Chokwe.com Chokwe, Lwena/luvale, Lunda and lang.html L1 Ituri Forest peoplesFund/Cultural based in Cambridge, MA, helps indigenous peoples and ethnic http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html

Countries Democratic Republic of the Congo Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: DRC News ABC Nightline - Heart of Darkness Site for the five-part TV series hosted by Ted Koppel. Program transcripts, a journal by the producer of life in the Eastern Congo, people profiles, relief efforts, the link between coltan, cell phones and the DRC. http://abcnews.go.com/sections/nightline/ Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-mer (Bruxelles, Belgium) In French, English, Dutch. "The Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences was founded in 1928 with the aim of promoting scientific knowledge in overseas regions" [esp. Congo-Kinshasa]. "The Academy is divided into three Sections: the Section of Moral and Political Sciences, the Section of Natural and Medical Sciences and the Section of Technical Sciences." Publishes Biographie belge d'Outre-Mer (first pub. in 1941, was called la Biographie Coloniale Belge . Publishes three series of . http://www.belspo.be/kaow-arsom2/index.html Aequatoria Archives Research Project Based at the Research Center of the International Pragmatics Association, University of Antwerp, and works with the

3. Africa: "Tribe" Background Paper, 2 While there are many indigenous Zambian words which translate among the Lozi andMukanda for the luvale. and culturally distinct Hutu and Tutsi peoples. http://www.africaaction.org/docs97/eth9711.2.htm

Africa Policy Home Page Chronological Index (1997) Geographical Index (1997) Africa: "Tribe" Background Paper, 2 Date distributed (ymd): 971221 APIC Document APIC Background Paper 010 (November 1997) This series of background papers is part of a program of public education funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Ford Foundation. The attractively produced typeset version of this background paper is available from APIC for $2 each ($1.60 each for 20 or more). Add 15% for postage and handling. Order in bulk for your class or study group, or to send to news media in response to stereotypical coverage of Africa. Talking about "Tribe": Moving from Stereotypes to Analysis November, 1997 (continued from part 1) Case in Point: Zambia Zambia is slightly larger than the U.S. state of Texas. The country has approximately 10 million inhabitants and a rich cultural diversity. English is Zambia's official language but it also boasts 73 different indigenous languages. While there are many indigenous Zambian words which translate into nation, people, clan, language, foreigner, village, or community, there are none that easily translate into "tribe." Sorting Zambians into a fixed number of "tribes" was a byproduct of British colonial rule over Northern Rhodesia (as Zambia was known prior to independence in 1964). The British also applied stereotypes to the different groups. Thus the Bemba, Ngoni and the Lozi were said to be "strong." The Bemba and the Ngoni were "warlike" although the Bemba were considered the much "finer race" because the Ngoni had intertwined with "inferior tribes and have been spoiled by civilization." The Lamba were labelled "lazy and indolent" and the Lunda considered to have "an inborn distaste for work in a regular way." These stereotypes in turn often determined access to jobs. The Lunda, for instance, were considered "good material from which to evolve good laborers."

4. Report On The Implementation Of The Plan Of with those groups (women, indigenous peoples, children, migrants AS OF DECEMBER1998 africa Adja Afrikaans Ganda Lunda/Chokwelunda luvale Malagasy Maninka http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.1999.87.En?OpenDocum

5. Peripheral Class Struggle In Africa And The Work Of P.P. Rey theory of the ideology of the peoples he studies perhaps primarily, such transformationsof indigenous religious forms 1979 The history of the luvale people and http://www.shikanda.net/ethnicity/peripher.htm

by Wim van Binsbergen Can anthropology become the theory of peripheral class struggle? Reflections on the work of Pierre-Philippe Rey homepage © 1984-2002 Wim M.J. van Binsbergen INTRODUCTION ANTHROPOLOGY AS IDEOLOGICAL PRODUCTION Pierre Philippe Rey’s work (1971, 1973, 1976, 1978, and numerous articles) makes immensely inspiring reading. Few anthropologists are similarly capable of presenting an analysis of African local societies in such terms as to make them directly relevant to the pressing problems of sociological theory and praxis in our own society. The way Rey depicts the African people he studies, they unmistakably inhabit the same world as the author and his readers, albeit at different parts of the globe and under significantly different conditions; and they face basically the same problem as we do: how to cope with a world whose productive, political and ideological processes are increasingly shaped by the capitalist mode of production. Rey’s work is unprecedented in that it provides original solutions for a number of dilemmas pervading debates among Africanists and left-wing intellectuals in general during the last decade and a half. Whilst demonstrating the impact of colonialism and capitalism, he does not turn a blind eye to such forms of exploitation as defined ante-capitalist

6. Zambia Map Flag Description Green With A Panel Of Three Major peoples African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%. 50%75%, Muslim and Hindu24%-49%, indigenous beliefs 1 Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, luvale, Nyanja, Tonga http://www.gateway-africa.com/countries/zambia.html

Zambia Map: Flag description: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag Location: Southern Africa, east of Angola Geographic coordinates: 15 00 S, 30 00 E Climate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) Independence: 24 October 1964 (from UK) Nationality: Zambian(s) Capital City: Lusaka Population: Head of State: President Frederick CHILUBA Area: 752,614 sq km Type of Government: republic Currency: 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee Major peoples: African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2% Religion: Christian 50%-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous beliefs 1% Official Language: English Principal Languages: English, major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages Major Exports: copper, cobalt, electricity, tobacco History: In 1851, David Livingstone crossed the Zambezi River from the south and spent the next 20 years exploring what is now Zambia. In the late 19th century the British South Africa Company began making treaties with the local chiefs in what was then known as Northern Rhodesia. Following the 1924 British administrative takeover of the region and the discovery of copper in the late 1920s, many Europeans immigrated to the area. In 1953, Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and Nyasaland (now Malawi) were brought together by the British into the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. This federation lasted until 1962, when Nyasaland pulled out, followed by Northern Rhodesia in 1963. Independence for Zambia followed on Oct. 24, 1964. Relations with Southern Rhodesia became strained after the 1965 unilateral declaration of independence by the white minority government, and Zambia's flow of goods through Rhodesia was interrupted. Falling copper prices, a huge foreign debt, and neglect of the agricultural sector meant that Zambia's economic problems did not end when Rhodesia gained independence as Zimbabwe in 1980.

7. R E P O R T S Tsukada (Japan) spoke about the luvale ritual drums different conferences in Canada,Europe, and africa. the United Nations world decade of indigenous peoples. http://www.ethnomusic.ucla.edu/ICTM/bult/boc97/boc97rep.htm

R E P O R T S 83RD MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD After a short discussion on the Nitra Conference, the Board expressed its warm thanks to Drs. Elschek and Garaj and their staff for their immense efforts that went into arranging the conference. The Executive Board coopted Dr. Rafael Menezes Bastos, Brazil, and Mr. Lumkile Lalendle M.A., South Africa, to the Board until the next General Assembly. Mr. Khalfan al-Barwani M.A. was elected as substitute for Dr. Anthony Seeger to serve as Board member until the next General Assembly, according to Rule 8d. Dr. Seeger vacated his seat on the Board to become president of ICTM. A Study Group on Music and Minorities chaired by Dr. Ursula Hemetek was recognized and a proposal from Krister Malm to hold an ICTM Colloquium in Visby, Sweden, January 1999 on the theme: "The Role of Music in Emerging Multicultural Countries" accepted with the following program committee: Salwa El-Shawan Castelo-Branco, chair, Dieter Christensen, Veit Erlmann, Krister Malm and Mark Slobin, U.S.A. Most important of all, the Board accepted a motion to have formal consultative relations with UNESCO as described in DG/16.2/CA40. The Board took note of the reminder that this relationship will be for six years only after which UNESCO will re-evaluate ICTM's status. N.C.

8. AFRICAN FILMS AND AUDIO CDs of Zambia, this release focuses on the luvale people and Garifuna culture and languageamong the indigenous Arawaks Ga, Fanti, Ewe and Dagomba peoples of africa http://www.nevada.edu/~gbp/media-africa.html

MEDIA FOR PEOPLES OF AFRICA 1/24/98, Call numbers are for the UNLV library. VIDEOS BURUNDI Gito L'Ingrat (Gito the Ungrateful). [1993. 90 min. video. comedy of intellectual rediscovering his own country after studying in Europe. Burundi] CAMEROON The Sultan's Burden [Filmakers Library, video, 50min., 1/2" $295; Sultan Issa Maigari ruler of northern Cameroon privince of Adamawa, served by liveried bodyguard of servants and slaves, lives in extraordinary thatched palace with harem of wives and concubines and thirty children. Filmed as the first democratic elections in Cameroon were about to be held. DT578.4 .M33] GHANA Ashanti Market Women [Filmakers Library, 55 min. video, $445; "men are polygamous and the women are subordinate. In the Kumasi market place, however, the women reign supreme. These assertive women have evolved their own power structure to settle all disputes over price and quality." DT507.A7] Healers of Ghana, The [DT545.45 A27 H42, 1/2" VHS, Films for the Humanities and Sciences, (58 min.); Bono (Akan) ethnic group; good footage of curing rituals with some explanation] In Danku the Soup is Sweeter: Women and Development in Ghana. [Filmakers Library.1/2", 30 min. video, $295. Group of women given access to credit by Canadian Development Agency; in UNLV library, processing]

9. The Great Lakes _ [on The Forgotten Continent] life and culture of Chokwe, Lwena (luvale), Lunda, and other related peoples of Angola Stateof indigenous Populations Living in Rainforest Areas, European http://www.nephridium.org/features/africa/the_great_lakes/articles.html

back to front other features focus on the great lakes visualising a region maps the following references are drawn from web of science Record 1 of 57 Author(s): Hall-Ellis SD Title: The African dream: The diaries of the revolutionary war in the Congo. Source: LIBRARY JOURNAL 2001, Vol 126, Iss 15, pp 87-87 Source item page count: 1 Publication Date: SEP 15 IDS No.: 473HE 29-char source abbrev: LIBR J Record 2 of 57 Author(s): Nest M Title: Ambitions, profits and loss: Zimbabwean economic involvement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Source: AFRICAN AFFAIRS 2001, Vol 100, Iss 400, pp 469-490 Source item page count: 22 Publication Date: JUL IDS No.: 467LT 29-char source abbrev: AFR AFFAIRS Record 3 of 57 Author(s): Dunn KC Title: Historical dictionary of Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN HISTORICAL STUDIES 2000, Vol 33, Iss 2, pp 453-453 Source item page count: 1 IDS No.: 448JJ 29-char source abbrev: INT J AFR HIST STUD Record 4 of 57 Author(s): Dunn KC Title: The Congo-Zaire experience, 1960-98

10. Africa "Tribe" Background Paper, 2 africa "Tribe" Background Paper, 2. Date also boasts 73 different indigenous languages. While there are many indigenous Lozi and Mukanda for the luvale. An urban family http://www.africapolicy.org/docs97/eth9711.2.htm

11. Minority Languages And Cultures In Central Africa from the same language community, in luvale which is example, has bridged, in thePeoples' Republic of and its total neglect of indigenous ideographic scripts http://ntama.uni-mainz.de/main2/kubik/

Special Focus Articles Afrobolivia Afroeurope ... Home Minority languages and cultures in Central Africa Situation analysis and research priorities by Gerhard Kubik Unchanged text of a lecture given by the author on July 21, 1989 at the University of Zimbabwe, Harare, on invitation by the Department of African Languages and Literature. Venue: Lecture theatre) The current situation of minority languages and their associated cultures in Africa south of the Sahara including some particular areas where I have conducted research (such as in Angola 1965, 1979, 1980 and 1982, Zambia 1971, 1973, 1977/78, 1979 and 1987, and the Central African Republic, 1964 and 1966) is a consequence of historical developments which are to be understood politically, socially and culturally. What is a minority language? Are there any criteria that make a language fall under this category? In the first place the answer depends on a definition of the term "minority". In a country with two political parties, for example, one may obtain a majority of votes, while the other, consequently, is then in the minority. In such a case "minority" is anything below 50%. In practice, however, there are always more contenders. With regard to language, there are no linguistic criteria to determine what is a minority language.

12. Det Kongelige Bibliotek - Nyanskaffelser - Antropologi - Januar 2002 Marianne, 1963 Racism against indigenous peoples / editors Suhas MVP Garfield, Seth,1967- indigenous struggle at possession among the luvale-speaking people http://www.kb.dk/formidl/fagweb/2002-acc/jan/ih.htm

Hjem Nyanskaffelser : Januar 2002 Nyanskaffelser til Universitetsbiblioteksafdelingen Antropologi - januar 2002 Til fagoversigten IH 20 Regionalkode: MSR Patterson, Thomas C. A social history of anthropology in the United States : Thomas C. Patterson Oxford : Berg Publishers, 2001. x, 212 s. Gå til REX og reserver bogen IHCF Regionalkode: MQA Schumaker, Lyn Africanizing anthropology : fieldwork, networks, and the making of cultural knowledge in Central Africa / Lyn Schumaker Durham, N.C. : Duke University Press, 2001. xii, 376 s. : ill. Gå til REX og reserver bogen IH 21 Gacs, Ute Women anthropologists : a biographical dictionary / edited by Ute Gacs ... [et al.] New York : Greenwood Press, 1988. xviii, 428 s. ; 25 cm IH 24 Balleby, Marianne Sigaard Borre, Malene B. Bjerregaard, Peter 98 sider Gå til REX og reserver bogen IH 26 Bouquet, Mary, 1955- Academic anthropology and the museum : back to the future / edited by Mary Bouquet New York : Berghahn Books, 2001. xiv, 240 s. : ill. New directions in anthropology ; 13 Gå til REX og reserver bogen IHIF Regionalkode: MDI Kenna, Margaret E.

13. Africa the Ngoni, the Tonga, the luvale and the sites; Equatorial Guinea Bioko Island'sIndigenous Bubi Tribe - learn how ancient African peoples crossed the http://schools.sd68.bc.ca/dove/dept/library/africa.html

Africa These sites are suggested as starting points for students' Internet research. Art and Culture General Sites and Statistics About Africa Modern Societies Past Societies ... Trade Routes Art and Culture Links African Art: African Artists - artists and art galleries African Odyssey Interactive - African arts and education resources from the Kennedy Center The Craft of Basketry in Southern Africa - Iziko Museums of Cape Town South African Museum EX AFRICA - Exhibitions and Museums of African Tribal Art Ndebele - Art of an African Tribe - Margaret Courtney Clark offers photographs of colorful murals and traditional beadwork made by Ndebele woman. Includes a history of the Ndebele. NOVICA - over 180 western African masks Our Tribe: African gallery - retail site offers this page of vintage images of North African women in traditional attire Photo Gallery - One of the Largest Ancient Egyptian Photo Galleries on the Internet. TRADITIONAL AFRICAN ART - links to masks, carvings, instruments, bronzes, tapestries and more TRADITIONAL AFRICAN ART: Presentation - Among us, the profession of artist doesn't exist, we only materialize what the occult science have revealed to us and our ancestors. We are the middlemen between the earth and the further on.

14. PASALA Graduate Symposium 1997: Milbourne practices from those of the Luchazi, luvale and other the Luyana, most likely arenot indigenous to the The peoples of Barotseland imagined a pageant in which http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/ceras/baobab/milbourne.html

PASALA - Project for the Advanced Study of Art and Life in Africa and The University of Iowa Diplomacy in Motion: Makishi as Political Harmony in Barotseland Karen Milbourne In 1982, Victor Turner wrote "perhaps only celebration can adequately understand celebration, but language can give an approximate rendering of it and some semantic perspective on its products . . ."(1) I think that celebration can be applied as a methodology. In the study of performance or pageantry, choices are made, and these decisions are the substance of a productive process. However, I believe that all too often scholars have equated change with deterioration. Celebration has proved useful in my own research, where beliefs in "purity" and "tradition" have set the tone for what little material there is. Celebration places change within the positive context of creativity. I look to the performance of makishi masks, the cultural property of Mbunda peoples, in Lozi celebrations to demonstrate the means by which the arts are used to publicly display political cohesion. Mbunda, Lozi and nearly two dozen other groups, each defined by language, have settled along the Zambezi River in Zambia's Western Province, historically known as Barotseland. I arrived in Limulunga, the flood-time capitol of the Lozi royalty, on June 30th, 1996, after thirty hours by bus on what I came to call, the "not-road." June 30th and the first two days of July are national holidays in Zambia, and in Limulunga they are filled with such festivities as a ten kilometer marathon and music and dance performances

15. Africa Jesse Gaston, A History of the Mahi peoples from 1774 OKOYE, Felix, The AmericanImage of africa, Myth and Upper Zambezi A History of the luvale People, 1000 http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/history/graduate/fields/africa.htm

Guide to the Graduate Program In African History at UCLA Faculty History Graduate Excellence Graduate Placement ... Students Currently Enrolled in the Program Faculty EDWARD A. ALPERS : Ph.D. University of London, 1966. Eastern Africa; African economic and social history; Africa and the Indian Ocean; Lusophone Africa; Women; Islam alpers@history.ucla.edu CHRISTOPHER EHRET : Ph.D. Northwestern University, 1968. Early Southern and Eastern Africa; Linguistics ehret@history.ucla.edu GHILAINE LYDON : Ph.D. Michigan State University, 2000. nineteenth and twentieth century Western Africa (pre-colonial and colonial, francophone), family, finance and business history. lydon@history.ucla.edu MERRICK POSNANSKY : Ph.D. Nottingham University, 1956. Emeritus. African Prehistory and Archaeology; Historical archaeology; Carribbean merrick@history.ucla.edu

16. Second Part Of Mukanda under the impact of the Barotse indigenous administration and juxtaposition visa-visthe luvale, Chokwe and on Iron-working Bantu-speaking peoples of Southern http://ethnicity.bravepages.com/second.htm

cookie_name="pop1"; cook_value="1!!1049846808"; cook_expires="Wed, 09 Apr 2003 00:06:58 GMT"; document.cookie=cookie_name+"="+cook_value+";expires="+cook_expires+";"; by Wim van Binsbergen Mukanda, Part II homepage Mukanda overview page Mukanda Part I 7. Contested patrilineal succession around 1900: The Mukanda element In the case of the shift towards patrilineal succession, we are fortunate that the oral-historical data provide us with the details that allow us to perceive the specific, concrete political strategies through which such major changes in the socio-political structure tend to realize themselves. From the account in Likota lya Bankoya , Shamamano emerges as a great warrior and resourceful adventurer, and also as a usurper, who only under the protection of Lewanika managed to revive the Kahare name to which he was related not as a sister’s son, but only as a daughter’s son, i.e. outside the ordinary line of dynastic succession. A century of chief’s rule by members of Shamamano’s patri-segment, in a general context of the Lozi indigenous administration and the colonial and post-colonial state favouring patrilineal succession, has created such an image of self-evident legitimacy for the current Kahare line that oral traditions dwelling on the irregularity of Shamamano’s accession are completely suppressed at the Kahare court today. However, there is in Kahare’s area and among urban migrants hailing from there a noticeable undercurrent of traditions in which this legitimacy is challenged, and rival claims to the Kahare kingship are entertained.

17. Report Of The Secretary-General On the Special Rapporteur on Prisons and Conditions of Detention in africa, appointedby 9 (Rev.1), The Rights of indigenous peoples, in French and Spanish; No. http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/cb6c19fc2593384f802566f900

18. Zambia (04/02) including Bemba,Lozi, Kaounde, Lundu, luvale, Tonga, and HISTORY The indigenous huntergathereroccupants of Zambia that century, the various peoples of Zambia http://www.state.gov/r/pa/bgn/2359.htm

[Print Friendly Version] Bureau of African Affairs April 2002 Background Note: Zambia PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Zambia Geography Area: 752,614 sq. km. (290,585 sq. mi.); slightly larger than Texas. Cities: Capital Lusaka (pop. 1 million). Other cities Kitwe, Ndola, Livingstone, Kabwe. Terrain: Varies; mostly plateau savanna. Climate: Generally dry and temperate. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Zambian(s). Population (2000): 10.2 million. Annual growth rate: 2.9%. Ethnic groups: More than 70 tribal groups. Religions: Christian, indigenous beliefs, Muslim, Hindu. Languages: English (official), about 70 local languages and dialects, including Bemba,Lozi, Kaounde, Lundu, Luvale, Tonga, and Nyanja. Education: Years compulsory Attendance Less than 50% in grades 1-7. Less than 20% of primary school graduates are admitted to secondary school. Literacy Health: Infant mortality rate Life expectancy 37.81 yrs. male; 38.25 yrs. female. Work force: Agriculture industry and commerce Government Type: Republic. Independence: October 24, 1964.

19. U.S. Embassy, Lusaka - Background Notes On Zambia including Bemba, Lozi, Kaounde, Lunda, luvale, Tonga and The indigenous huntergathereroccupants of Zambia began that century, the various peoples of Zambia http://www.usemb.org.zm/wwwhzam.htm

BACKGROUND NOTES ON ZAMBIA Updated February, 2003 Geography Government Defense People ... Public Diplomacy in Washington, DC U.S DEPARTMENT OF STATE BACKGROUND NOTES: ZAMBIA, FEBRUARY 2003 Prepared by the U. S. Embassy, Lusaka, Zambia Official Name: Republic of Zambia PROFILE Geography Area: 752,614 sq. km. (290, 585 sq. mi.); slightly larger than Texas. Cities: Capital Lusaka (pop. 1 million). Other Cities: Kitwe, Ndola, Livingstone, Kabwe. Terrain: Varies; mostly plateau savanna. Climate: Generally dry and temperate People Nationality: Noun and adjectiveZambian(s). Population: Approx. 10 million. Annual growth rate: 2.3%. Ethnic groups: More than 70 ethnic groups. Religions: Christian, indigenous beliefs, Muslim, Hindu Languages: English (official), about 70 local languages and dialects, including Bemba, Lozi, Kaounde, Lunda, Luvale, Tonga and Nyanja. Education: Years compulsory AttendanceLess than 50% in grades 1-7. Less than 20% of primary school graduates are admitted to secondary school. Literacy Health: Infant mortality rate 35 years (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2002).

20. Title including Bemba, Tonga, Nyanja, Lozi, luvale, Ndembu (Lundu The indigenous huntergathereroccupants of Zambia began that century, the various peoples of Zambia http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/backgroundnotes/23.htm

U.S. Department of State Background Notes: Zambia, September 1997 Released by the Office of Southern African Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs Official Name: Republic of Zambia PROFILE Geography Area: 752,614 sq. km. (290,585 sq. mi.); slightly larger than Texas. Cities: Capital Lusaka (pop. 982,000). Other cities Kitwe (348,000), Ndola (500,000), Livingstone (83,000), Kabwe (381,000). Terrain: Varies; mostly plateau savanna. Climate: Generally dry and temperate. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Zambian(s). Population (1995): 9.1 million. Annual growth rate: 3.2%. Ethnic groups: More than 70 tribal groups. Religions: Christian, indigenous beliefs. Languages: English (official), about 70 local languages and dialects, including Bemba, Tonga, Nyanja, Lozi, Luvale, Ndembu (Lundu), and Kaonde. Education: Years compulsory Attendance Less than 50% in grades 1-7. Less than 20% of primary school graduates are admitted to secondary school. Literacy Health: Infant mortality rate Life expectancy 52.9 yrs. male; 55 yrs. female.

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