1. 100gogo Expedition Of Africa, Africa's Super Predators & Mammals Safari include the Fang of Gabon and the Kongo, Mongo, Kuba, luba, Lunda, and Chokwe Theother indigenous groups are all Bantuspeaking peoples, originally from http://www.100gogo.com/africa/

Africa - The Birthplace of Modern Humans You either love it or hate it . . . Africa Map Click here to see large map Introduction Features of Africa Africa is the second-largest continent , after Asia, covering 30,330,000 sq km; about 22% of the total land area of the Earth. It measures about 8,000 km from north to south and about 7,360 km from east to west. The highest point on the continent is Mt. Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Point - (5,963 m/19,340 ft) in Tanzania. The lowest is Lake 'Asal (153 m/502 ft below sea level) in Djibouti. The Forests cover about one-fifth of the total land area of the continent. The Woodlands, bush lands, grasslands and thickets occupy about two-fifth. And the Deserts and their extended margins have the remaining two-fifths of African land. World's longest river : The River Nile drains north-eastern Africa, and, at 6,650 km (4,132 mi), is the longest river in the world. It is formed from the Blue Nile, which originates at Lake Tana in Ethiopia, and the White Nile, which originates at Lake Victoria. World's second largest lake : Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the is the world's second-largest freshwater lake - covering an area of 69,490 sq km (26,830 sq mi) and lies 1,130 m (3,720 ft) above sea level. Its greatest known depth is 82 m (270 ft).

2. Africa (tw6)(afr1Page1) Features a wide variety of links devoted to the study and display of ancient and modern African art. http://www.tribalworldbooks.com.au/afr1Page1.html

Africa Page 1 of 3 Feature book of the Month Kuper , Hilda. THE SWAZI . A South African Kingdom (See Page Two for more detail) Abbate , Francesco (ed). AFRICAN ART AND OCEANIC ART . An overview of tribal art from six African and Oceanic stylistic groups. BNo. 7064-0064-X. First Edition, 1972. Pp: 158; 190mm x 130mm; 0.48kg. 92 col. Bibliography, index of illustrations. A very good copy in dust wrapper. Cvr: vg; dw: vg. Octopus Books Ltd, London, 1972. (This book illustrates masks, figurines, evveryday utensils, jewellery, domestic carvings and objects of magical and mystical significances of both Africa and Oceania.) (Keywords: Tellem, Dogon, Bambara, Ijo, Bakongo, Bamileke, D'Entrecasteaux, Solomon Islands). Book Code: AU Amin KENYA - THE MAGIC LAND . Text by Brian Tetley. BNo. 0-370-31225-2. First Edition, 1988. Pp: 192; 315mm x 240mm; 1.57kg. Num col, 1 map. Introduction. A very good copy in dust wrapper. Cvr: vg; dw: vg. The Bodley Head Ltd, London, 1988. (Colour photography of wildlife parks, mountain ranges, plains and deserts.) (Keywords: Tsavo, Amboseli, Rift

3. Africa Some 5 million years ago a type of hominid, a close evolutionary ancestor of presentday humans, inhabited southern and eastern africa. Kushite peoples from the Ethiopian highlands came to dominate the indigenous Bantu. 1500, into the luba Empire. Its founding http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/africa3a.html

Africa Some 5 million years ago a type of hominid, a close evolutionary ancestor of present-day humans, inhabited southern and eastern Africa. More than 1.5 million years ago this toolmaking hominid developed into the more advanced forms Homo habilis and Homo erectus. The earliest true human being in Africa, Homo sapiens, dates from more than 200,000 years ago. A hunter-gatherer capable of making crude stone tools, Homo sapiens banded together with others to form nomadic groups; eventually these nomadic San peoples spread throughout the African continent. Distinct races date from approximately 10,000 BC. Gradually a growing Negroid population, which had mastered animal domestication and agriculture, forced the San groups into the less hospitable areas. In the 1st century AD the Bantu, one group of this dominant people, began a migration that lasted some 2000 years, settling most of central and southern Africa. Negroid societies typically depended on subsistence agriculture or, in the savannas, pastoral pursuits. Political organization was normally local, although large kingdoms would later develop in western and central Africa. see Aksum, Kingdom of

4. 1Up Info > Zaire > Peoples Of The Southern Uplands: Kasai-Shaba | Zaire Informat Kingdoms Of africa africa was the homeland of several great civilizations. to dominate the indigenous Bantu. Other Kushites 1500, into the luba Empire. Its founding peoples had pushed aside or assimilated their San predecessors in southern africa and http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guide-study/zaire/zaire65.html

You are here 1Up Info Zaire History People ... News Search 1Up Info Zaire Zaire Peoples of the Southern Uplands: Kasai-Shaba Zebra, common in the savanna regions of central and southern Zaire Courtesy Zaire National Tourism Office A square-shaped thatched roof hut, typical of the Kasai-Oriental Region, provides shelter against the heavy rains. Extending across much of the southern savanna east of the middle reaches of the Kasai River are the Tshiluba- and Kilubaspeaking peoples. (Kiluba is the language of the Luba-Katanga as distinct from Tshiluba, the language spoken by the Luba-Kasai.) Vansina distinguishes three clusters: the Luba-Katangacomprising the Luba-Katanga proper, the Kaniok, the Kalundwe, and the Lomotwa; the Luba-Kasaicomprising the Luba-Kasai proper, the Lulua, the Luntu, the Binji, the Mputu, and the North Kete; and the Songye comprising the Songye proper and the Bangu-Bangu. losely related to the Luba-Katanga and living to their east are the Hemba, separately distinguished chiefly because, unlike the others, they are matrilineal. All of these peoples appear to have shared a tradition of chieftainship, but it was among the Luba-Katanga that more complex centralized states emerged as early as the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Elsewhere, the people and territory over which a chief ruled were much more restricted, and even among the Luba-Katanga local chiefs had a substantial degree of autonomy.

5. UNESCO - General History Of Africa: Volume V marked by the end of the great indigenous empires and Chapter 20 The political systemof the luba and Lunda The interior of East africa the peoples of Kenya http://www.unesco.org/culture/africa/html_eng/volume5.htm

project description International Scientific Committee authors chapter on-line ... photo gallery Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century Editor: Professor B.A. Ogot (Kenya) Summary: This period is marked by the end of the great indigenous empires and the early contacts with Europeans. The system of exploitation of Africa’s human resources by Europe and America known as the slave trade was put in place and lasted throughout these three centuries. The period also saw the transformation of coastal societies, from Senegal to Congo and in East Africa. n Contents editions Main edition English: 1992, Heinemann/ UNESCO/ University of California Press French 1999, UNESCO/NEA Arabic: 1998, UNESCO Abridged edition English: 1999, UNESCO/ James Currey/ University of California Press French: 1998, UNESCO/ Edicef/ Présence Africaine n Contents Chapter 1: The struggle for international trade and its implications for Africa M. MALOWIST

6. Congo - A Look At The Past speaking peoples established themselves throughout Central africa. and they largelydisplaced the indigenous peoples. including Kongo, Kuba, luba and Lunda. http://cwr.utoronto.ca/cultural/english/congo/alook.html

A L OOK AT THE P AST T he indigenous peoples in Congo were forest dwellers. Their descendants, primarily members of the Efe and Mbuti tribes, still live as hunters and gatherers in the northern Ituri forest. Late in the first millennium A.D., Bantu-speaking peoples established themselves throughout Central Africa. Their culture was based on ironworking and agriculture, and they largely displaced the indigenous peoples. B y the 15th century, several kingdoms had developed in the area, including Kongo, Kuba, Luba and Lunda. When the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cam reached the mouth of the Congo River in 1482, he discovered that the coastal kingdoms were capturing people from nearby areas and sending them to work as slaves in Saudi Arabia. Over the next few centuries, Portuguese and French traders enslaved millions of Africans, and sent them to work on plantations in North and South America. The slave trade was abolished in 1885. I n 1878, King Leopold II of Belgium hired Anglo-American explorer Henry Morton Stanley to establish outposts along the Congo River. Leopold persuaded other European rulers to recognize Congo as his personal territory, which he named the Congo Free State. D uring Leopold's reign, the Congolese were brutally treated. They were forced to build a railroad and collect ivory and rubber. As many as 10 million Congolese died between 1880 and 1910. When news of the atrocities became public in 1908, the Belgian government took control of the colony and renamed it the Belgian Congo. Although the Belgian government improved working conditions slightly, it too was a harsh ruler and continued to extract natural resources. For years, the Congolese struggled to achieve independence.

7. WORLD HISTORY was often a compromise between indigenous ways and a number of these central Africanpeoples had begun In Katanga, the luba peoples modified the older system http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/africa and the spread of Islam.html

African Civilizations And The Spread Of Islam Introduction The spread of Islam, from its heartland in the Middle East and North Africa to India and Southeast Asia, revealed the power of the religion and its commercial and sometimes military attributes. Civilizations were altered without being fully drawn into a single Islamic statement. A similar pattern developed in sub-Saharan Africa, as Islam provided new influences and contacts without amalgamating African culture as a whole to the Middle Eastern core. New religious, economic, and political patterns developed in relation to the Islamic surge, but great diversity remained. Africa below the Sahara was never totally isolated from the centers of civilization in Egypt, west Asia, or the Mediterranean, but for long periods the contacts were difficult and intermittent. During the ascendancy of Rome, sub-Saharan Africa like northern Europe was on the periphery of the major centers of civilization. After the fall of Rome, the civilizations of Byzantium and the Islamic world provided a link between the civilizations of the Middle East and the Mediterranean as well as the areas, such as northern Europe and Africa, on their frontiers. In Africa, between roughly A.D. 800 and 1500, the frequency and intensity of contact with the outside world increased as part of the growing international network.

8. Course Syllabus luba KrugmanGurdus, They didn't live to see series item 50 (Draft Declarationon the Rights of indigenous peoples). xx-xxiv (The UN); 5-30 (africa); 68-75 http://www.columbia.edu/itc/polisci/juviler/course_syllabus.html

Class Syllabus Outline (subject to possible changes during the semester) Introduction: The Course, Its Purpose, and Your Part in It Week 1. Sept. 4, 6 (second date is for discussion section with students in V3001x) Human Rights at Barnard-Columbia and in This Course. It purposes, relation to other human rights courses and expectations for instructors' and students' participation. Luba Krugman-Gurdus, "They didn't live to see..." series cover (1950). Compare with syllabus cover picture (given out at meeting). What do you see? What rights do you think important, judging from your experiences, values and aspirations? What prior experience have you with human rights activity, study? Universal Declaration of Human Rights (given out at meeting). Part I. Theory: Theories of Rights and Equality in a Divided West week 2. Sept. 11, 13 Ancient Concepts of Humans' Rights and Duties Lauren

9. AntiRacismNet Directory - Search For Youth Development Peace ( Centre for indigenous peoples Studies 2132 South africa Johannesburg %%Gauteng South africa; luba AWANCERUNIComitŽ de Desarrollo 10 Avenida A , n http://www.antiracismnet.org/cgi-bin/ngodir/search.cgi?browse=expertise&orglist=

10. Encyclopedia Of African History: List Of Entries VI of Islam in west africa Religion indigenous, and cults. Lualaba valley luba Originsand growth luba in the development of trade and power peoples of southern http://www.fitzroydearborn.com/london/africentr6.htm

FITZROY DEARBORN PUBLISHERS editorial website Encyclopedia of African History List of Entries VI IRON AGE TO END OF 18TH CENTURY (1,000-1,500 words each) (a) NORTH AFRICA (Iron Age to End of 18th Century) Egypt Arab conquest, (639-45) Egypt in the Arab empire (640-850) Tulunids and Ikhshidids (850-969) The Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt (969-1073) The Later Fatimids (1073-1171): Egypt as a centre of world trade The Later Fatimids (1073-1171): Army and administration The Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt (1169-1250) The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): Baybars, Qalawun and the Mongols (1250-1300) The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): Mamluk army and iqta' system The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): Cairo under the Mamluks The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): Literature under the Mamluks The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): The Black Death and its consequences Egypt and Africa (1000-1500) Egypt under the Ottomans, 1517-1798: Ottomans in Nubia and the Red Sea Egypt under the Ottomans, 1517-1798: Trade with Africa Egypt under the Ottomans, 1517-1798: Mamluk Beylicate (c.1600-1798)

11. Africa (mostly Bantu peoples). 1860 an aborted rebellion of the indigenous Lozi againstthe conquering 1856 the Tipper Tib trading with the luba (south of Morocco http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/9853/History_Africa.html

AFRICA HISTORY IN AFRICA-1856-1865 Collected by Charles A. Venturi from the following sources: The Dictionary of Dates by Helen Rex Keller, The Macmillan Company, New York 1934 The Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World edited by Richard B. Morris and Graham W. Irwin 1974 An Encyclopedia of World History by William L. Langer, 5 th Ed., Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1972 Kingdoms of Europe by Gene Gurney, Crown Publishers, New York 1982. Chronicle of the World, D. K. Publishing, New York 1996, ISBN 0-7894-0334X GENERAL INFORMATION CENTRAL AFRICA EAST AFRICA NORTH AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA ... WEST AFRICA CENTRAL AFRICA BELGIAN CONGO (GEOGRAPHY: Central [Equatorial]Africa #5 S,25 E, a Belgian Colony, the capital at Leopoldville) seven Arab traders reach Urua in the northern province of Katanga the Msiri set up a trading station for ivory, copper and slaves in Katanga. 02/14: Richard Burton and John Speke discover Lake Tanganyika, arriving at Ujiji as the first Europeans. the slave trade develops in the North and East Congo. CONGO (see Belgian Congo LAKE VICTORIA (see Victoria Nyanza NYAM-NYAM (GEOGRAPHY: north west of Albert Nyassa and Victoria Nyassa, near the headwaters of the Congo River and west of headwaters of the Nile, also west of the headwaters of the Bahr-el Ghazal)

12. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Zambia - Historical Highlights HISTORY The indigenous huntergatherer occupants of Zambia began to They came primarilyfrom the luba and Lunda of that century, the various peoples of Zambia http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/za/Zambia_history_summary.htm

Home World Map Rankings Currency Converter Countries from A to Z A B C D ... Zambia (Notes) Zambia - Historical Highlights (Notes) HISTORY The indigenous hunter-gatherer occupants of Zambia began to be displaced or absorbed by more advanced migrating tribes about 2,000 years ago. The major waves of Bantu-speaking immigrants began in the 15th century, with the greatest influx between the late 17th and early 19th centuries. They came primarily from the Luba and Lunda tribes of southern Zaire and northern Angola but were joined in the 19th century by Ngoni peoples from the south. By the latter part of that century, the various peoples of Zambia were largely established in the areas they currently occupy. Except for an occasional Portuguese explorer, the area lay untouched by Europeans for centuries. After the mid-19th century, it was penetrated by Western explorers, missionaries, and traders. David Livingstone, in 1855, was the first European to see the magnificent waterfalls on the Zambezi River. He named the falls after Queen Victoria, and the Zambian town near the falls is named after him. In 1888, Cecil Rhodes, spearheading British commercial and political interests in Central Africa, obtained a mineral rights concession from local chiefs. In the same year, Northern and Southern Rhodesia (now Zambia and Zimbabwe, respectively) were proclaimed a British sphere of influence. Southern Rhodesia was annexed formally and granted self-government in 1923, and the administration of Northern Rhodesia was transferred to the British colonial office in 1924 as a protectorate.

13. Democratic Republic Of The Congo / DRC (Kinshasa) An annotated guide to internet resources on africa.Category Regional africa Congo, Democratic Republic of the...... Asante, the Benin Kingdom, the luba and Kuba, the lang.html L1 Ituri Forest peoplesFund/Cultural based in Cambridge, MA, helps indigenous peoples and ethnic http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html

Countries Democratic Republic of the Congo Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: DRC News ABC Nightline - Heart of Darkness Site for the five-part TV series hosted by Ted Koppel. Program transcripts, a journal by the producer of life in the Eastern Congo, people profiles, relief efforts, the link between coltan, cell phones and the DRC. http://abcnews.go.com/sections/nightline/ Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-mer (Bruxelles, Belgium) In French, English, Dutch. "The Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences was founded in 1928 with the aim of promoting scientific knowledge in overseas regions" [esp. Congo-Kinshasa]. "The Academy is divided into three Sections: the Section of Moral and Political Sciences, the Section of Natural and Medical Sciences and the Section of Technical Sciences." Publishes Biographie belge d'Outre-Mer (first pub. in 1941, was called la Biographie Coloniale Belge . Publishes three series of . http://www.belspo.be/kaow-arsom2/index.html Aequatoria Archives Research Project Based at the Research Center of the International Pragmatics Association, University of Antwerp, and works with the

14. Africa South Of The Sahara - Culture And Society An annotated guide to internet resources on african culture and society.Category Regional africa Society and Culture...... Ibibio, Kongo, Kota, Kuba, Lobi, luba, Lwalwa, Makonde twostory architecture, Islamand indigenous african cultures web site for her course peoples and Cultures http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/culture.html

Topics Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: Countries Adire African Textiles - Duncan Clarke History, background, and photographs of adire, adinkra, kente, bogolan, Yoruba aso-oke, akwete, ewe, kuba, and nupe textiles. The symbolism of images is often provided. One can purchase textiles as well. Clarke's Ph.D. dissertation (School of Oriental and African Studies) is on Yoruba men's weaving. Based in London. http://www.adire.clara.net Africa e Mediterraneo (Roma : Istituto sindacale per la cooperazione allo sviluppo) In Italian. A quarterly magazine about African culture and society. Has the table of contents. Topics covered: literature and theatre, music and dance, visual arts (painting, sculpture, photography), cinema, immigration. Owned by Lai-momo, a non-profit co-operative. Contact: redazione@africaemediterraneo.it [KF] http://www.africaemediterraneo.it Africa: One Continent. Many Worlds Extensive site for the traveling art exhibit from the Field Museum, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

15. African Studies Video Titles This documentary is about luba art and the relationship between the unique cultures,marvels of nature, indigenous peoples and remote lands of africa. http://www.library.ohiou.edu/subjects/africa/afrvid.htm

Shortcuts to... Find BOOKS (in ALICE) Find ARTICLE Databases (in InfoTree) Find VIDEOS (in ALICE) Library Hours Library Phone Numbers Regional Campus Libraries View Your Circulation Record Course Reserves Interlibrary Loan/Document Delivery ALICE InfoTree About the Libraries Site Search Contents Introduction New Materials (posted for 6 months) Booksellers Books (locating in Library) Government Documents Interlibrary Loan Internet Indexes (General, also see Reference) Journals (Specific Titles) Journal Indexes (Databases) Libraries (other Africa collections) Library Instruction Program Maps Media Microform ... Other Centers (and guides to Africa resources) Professional Interests (African Studies Association, etc.) Reference (on-line resources) Reference (print resources) Reserve Room Video (titles and resources, under construction) African Studies Video and Films at Ohio University There are over 200 Africa-related video and film titles in the Library. One way to browse the collection is to search ALICE, the Library's Catalog, in the "Limiting-to-Video-Mode" by "Africa" as a subject for example, then browse your results. In searching for a particular title, a new acquistion, or rather specific topic the above video mode provides good results. However, for 'one-stop' overview of all African related video the following title list is useful.

16. AAR Syllabi Project: Religious Studies 12: Religious Myths And Rituals (Strenski Mud People 27 Jan indigenous peoples, Christopher Columbus and their Religions inthe New africa ( Ninian Smart), ch 6. africa and Beyond . Missa luba (audio http://www.aarweb.org/syllabus/syllabi/s/strenski/religious_myths_and_rituals-st

Department of Religious Studies University of California, Riverside Course Syllabus Professor Ivan Strenski Winter 1998 University of California, Riverside Ethnic Studies/Religious Studies 12 Required Texts: Achebe Arrow of God Gill Native American Religions Kellerman The Ritual Bath Strenski Course Reader Office hours: Tu Th 1030-1200 HMNSS 2621, X5986 or Chair's Office, HMNSS, RLST Dept Suite X5111 Course requirements 1. Total of three in-class 15 minute Scantron and short answer quizzes and two 3 page take-home essays = (2/3 course total) 2. Final examination = (1/3 course total)Scantron and short essays 3. Attendance and participation in sections. Failure to attend and participate in section discussions will result in a significant reduction of the final grade. Schedule of Class Meetings: all items are included in class reader or in required books 8 Jan Introduction 13 Jan What Is Religion? And How Should We Study It? (Ninian Smart), "Introduction" 15 Jan Racism and the Burden of (Colonial) History (Orwell), "Shooting an Elephant". ( Horsman), 6. "The Other Americans", 7. "Superior and Inferior Races" 20 Jan Racism Is Everybody's Problem: The Ethical Dimension of Religion Khalid Mohammad, Hitler, Mein Kampf. Robert Girardi, "Nose Job"; Afghan Hospitals; Slavery in Sudan; Henry Louis Gates, "The Charmer". Cornel West, "On Black-Jewish Relations". Malcolm X, Autobiography of Malcolm X

17. Africa: Outline Of History BC and 1500, Bantuspeaking peoples became dominant powerful kingdoms, such as Kongo,luba, and Mwememutapa and social organization of the indigenous population http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0856495.html

Encyclopedia Africa Outline of History Early History to 1500 Africa has the longest human history of any continent. African hominids date from at least 4 million years ago; agriculture, brought from SW Asia, appears to date from the 6th or 5th millennium B.C. Africa's first great civilization began in Egypt in 3400 B.C. ; other ancient centers were Kush and Aksum. Phoenicians established Carthage in the 9th cent. B.C. and probably explored the northwestern coast as far as the Canary Islands by the 1st cent. B.C. Romans conquered Carthage in 146 B.C. and controlled N Africa until the 4th cent. A.D. Arabs began their conquest in the 7th cent. and, except in Ethiopia, Muslim traders extended the religion of Islam across N Africa and S across the Sahara into the great medieval kingdoms of the W Sudan. The earliest of these kingdoms, which drew their wealth and power from the control of a lucrative trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, and slaves, was ancient Ghana, already thriving when first recorded by Arabs in the 8th cent. In the 13th cent. Ghana was conquered and incorporated into the kingdom of ancient Mali, famous for its gold and its wealthy capital of Timbuktu. In the late 15th cent. Mali was eclipsed by the Songhai empire and lost many provinces but remained an autonomous kingdom. There are few written accounts of the southern half of the continent before 1500, but it appears from linguistic and archaeological evidence that the older inhabitants were gradually absorbed or displaced by agricultural, iron-working peoples speaking related

18. African Choral Music Resources Missa luba An african Foundation for the Creative Arts, PO Box 91122, AucklandPark 2006, South africa.) Twelve indigenous songs from african peoples. http://www.pitts.emory.edu/theoarts/multi/Countries/Africa/african_res.html

African Choral Music Resources Multicultural - Repertoire African Repertoire Multicultural Choral Home TheoArts Home The following are choral-related websites with predominantly English language pages. This is not meant to be an exhaustive list - just a helpful one! More sites will be added as they are identified. Please let us know if you discover any new ones. CONTENTS: Choral Publishers U.S. Contacts African Music (general) Language links General Cultural Choirs Choral Festivals ... Videos AFRICAN MUSIC (general): Index on Africa : A website of websites on all sorts of African musics: www.africaindex.africainfo.no/subjects/music.htm Africa Online - Music: Zanzibar: wus.africaonline.com/AfricaOnline/music/Zanzibar.html Kenya: www.africaonline.com/AfricaOnline/music/kenya.html or www.mediaport.net/Music/Pays/kenya/index.en.html African Music Notation / Tonic Sol-Fa / Curwen For any choral musician who looks at the score of an African piece and discovers a series of letters, dots and dashes. This notation system is not an African system, but an English one, developed by Curwen in the 19th century and brought to Africa by missionaries. See The Teacher’s Manual of the Tonic Sol-Fa Method reprinted by Bernard Rainbow (Boethius Press, c. 1986).

19. Fowler Museum Past Exhibitions Art of the Lega Meaning and Metaphor in Central africa. loving statements of thevalue the indigenous peoples of the Politics The Female Image in luba Art and http://www.fmch.ucla.edu/Exhibits/past.htm

MATSURI! Japanese Festival Arts October 13, 2002 through February 9, 2003 This exhibition presents elaborate Japanese textiles, festive dress, and artifacts used in the joyously chaotic Shinto Buddhist festivals known as matsuri. Pass through a gate into galleries featuring more than 250 richly decorated festival garments and other works of art-including sculptures, screens, shrine adornments, prints, and banners. The dazzling objects on display, contextualized by mural-size photographs and videos, attest to the rich aesthetic traditions that bring matsuri to life year after year. Ways of the Rivers: Arts and Environment of the Niger Delta May 19 through November 17, 2002 Ways of the Rivers and its educational programs were made possible by major support from the National Endowment for the Humanities, National Endowment for the Arts, and Jill and Barry Kitnick. Additional support is provided by the Yvonne Lenart Public Programs Fund, Ethnic Arts Council of Los Angeles, Herbert M. and Shelley Cole, Charles and Kent Davis, and Tom and Diana Lewis. Japanese Fisherman's Coats from Awaji Island April 21 through July 28, 2002

20. The PanAfrican Journal were sought in africa with indigenous peoples forced to possessed; 2) To seek Christianpeoples with whom it connections between the Jaga and the Lundaluba. http://www.fiu.edu/~bgso/articles/1100/01nov2000.htm

Home About Us Articles Links ... Contact Us Portuguese Expansion and the Colonization of Angola to1700 The history of relations between Africa and Europe encompasses four distinct periods. The first being what can be described as the "Age of Reconnaissance", in which Europeans became better acquainted with lands beyond Europe and sought ways to exploit these territories for the benefit of European potentates. During this period, Europeans sought in Africa commodities (gold, salt, silver, wheat, and cloth to name a few) for home consumption and to achieve a better balance of trade with other European nations. That period gave way to the era of mercantilism whereas European powers began to claim lands across the Atlantic, and realized that agricultural production could yield positive results by producing staple commodities for European consumption and also by providing military outposts composed of citizens seeking to better their plight abroad. These events changed the objectives of Europeans in regards to their dealings with Africa. While the foundations for the slave trade had been laid in the previous era, this period saw the trade in men take first priority. Beginning in the latter years of the fifteenth century, the slave trade grew dramatically as European colonial possessions in the Americas expanded reaching its apex in the second half of the eighteenth century.

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