21. Pertinent Cases: Government Aid To Religious Schools BOARD OF EDUCATION (1930) Justices upheld a louisiana law that district to reimburseparents of children attending parochial schools for transportation costs http://www.atheists.org/flash.line/vouch6b.htm

FLASHLINE Pertinent Cases: Government Aid To Religious Schools Web Posted: June 15, 1999 he U.S.Supreme Court has decided to once again examine the issue of public aid to religious schools. Below is a list and summary of some of the major cases taken up by the high court. Many of these decisions were made in close votes, sometimes 5-4. You will also note that the justices looked carefully at the unique circumstances of each case; and their judgments obviously reflect the changing political coloration of the court. Indeed, there emerges a distinct trend where the court has become more accommodating of religion and religious institutions, and justifying some forms of government aid when the direct benefit is said to accrue to students rather than the faith-based institution operating the school. COCHRAN v. LOUISIANA STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION (1930) Justices upheld a Louisiana law that provided for the use of state funds to purchase textbooks for religious and public schools. Writing for the majority, Justice Charles Evans Hughes argued that the intent of the program was to benefit individual school children rather than religion or religious schools. "The school children and the state alone are the beneficiaries." By this argument, no clear benefit accrued to the religious institutions involved. EVERSON v. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF EWING TOWNSHIP (1947)

22. Slidell Chamber Of Commerce, Community Schools1 parochial schools. TRADE schools. of Engineering Mark P. Dean 34641 Grantham CollegeRoad PO Box 5700 Slidell, LA 704695700 649-4191, louisiana Technical College http://www.slidellchamber.com/schools1.htm

The Chamber Events Committees Application ... Home PUBLIC SCHOOLS Abney Elementary: K-5 Jane Freeman 825 Kostmayer PO Box 849 Slidell, LA 70459 Alton Elementary: K-6 Gwen Wade Hwy. 11, P.O. Box 748 Slidell, LA 70459 Bayou Woods Elementary: K-3 Dr. Edward Burow 115 Liberty Drive Slidell, LA 70460 Bonne Ecole Elementary: K-5 Scottie Kuhlmann 900 Rue Verand Slidell, LA 70458 Boyet Junior High: 6-8 R. Dana Magee 380 Rebel Drive Slidell, LA 70461 Brock Elementary: K-5 Melba Vander 259 Brakefield St. Slidell, LA 70458 Carolyn Park Middle: 4-6 Phyllis Crow Carroll Road Rt. 15, Box 466 Slidell, LA 70460 Clearwood Junior High: K-8 Alan Bennett 130 Clearwood Drive Slidell, LA 70458 Cypress Cove Elementary: K-1 Tassie Wahl 540 S. Military Road Slidell, LA 70461 Florida Avenue Elementary: K-5 Elaine Mott 342 Florida Ave.

23. Elizabeth Ann Seton, Elizabeth Bayley, Parochial Schools, Sisters Of Charity, Da Biography of Mother Seton, with numerous links.Category Society Religion and Spirituality...... which long predates the government schools, and which In that first parochial school,Elizabeth Anne Seton of her 1975 canonization, in Lafayette, louisiana. http://www.pitt.edu/~eflst4/seton2.html

Elizabeth Ann Seton Few people have changed the lives of so many children as Elizabeth Anne Seton, the first American-born saint. Born in 1774 in New York City, just before the American Revolution, Elizabeth Bayley was home-schooled by her father, a Professor of Anatomy at King's College (now known as Columbia). At age 19, she married a wealthy young merchant named William Seton, and threw herself into social work; by age 23, she had founded the Society for the Relief of Poor Widows with Small Children. But she herself become a widow six years later, when her husband's death left her with five children to raise by herself. The family had traveled to Italy in attempt to improve William Seton's failing health; after his death in Pisa , she stayed on in Italy for two years, as she became increasingly interested in the novel (to her) religion of Catholicism. Having been raised as an Episcopalian, she converted to Catholicism at age 31. Her grandfather had been rector at St. Andrew's Episcopal Church on Staten Island, and neither her family nor friends accepted her decision. She was immediately ostracized. To support her children, she opened a school in New York City.

24. Oral Argument Highlights - Agostini V. Felton Our line is, 'Don't bring the teachers into the (parochial) schools.' . He saidcases from louisiana and Minnesota that could be a vehicle for reconsidering http://www.freedomforum.org/fac/96-97/Agos_oral.htm

96-97 Term Agostini v. Felton Oral Argument Highlights By Tony Mauro F ive Supreme Court justices have hinted in recent years that they would like to reconsider and possibly overturn the court's 1985 decision in Aguilar v. Felton , which said that a federally funded remedial education program could not be used to send public school teachers inside parochial schools. The Aguilar decision is viewed by many as the high-water mark in the court's insistence on the separation of church and state. But when confronted with the option of reversing Aguilar during oral arguments April 15 in a "remake" of the case, the court seemed suddenly wary of moving too fast to reverse itself. Several justices expressed concern that the new version of the case, Agostini v. Felton , No. 96-552, might not be the proper vehicle for such a major overhaul of the court's church-state doctrine. Advocates of greater public aid to parochial schools-including those who favor voucher programs that would include religious schools-may have to wait for another case for a Supreme Court boost to their cause. The court's reluctance seemed to have more to do with a procedural quirk in the Agostini case rather than any new-found fondness for Aguilar , however.

25. Mitchell V. Helms school children in Jefferson Parish, louisiana discovered that close to $18 millionin state funds were being used by private and parochial schools to fund bus http://www.streetlaw.org/mitchellvhelms.html

Mitchell v. Helms The Facts In 1984, parents of public school children in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana discovered that close to $18 million in state funds were being used by private and parochial schools to fund bus transportation, textbooks, overhead projectors, library books and computers. Mary Helms, a parent of public school children, was outraged at this discovery and brought suit claiming that this use of the Title I funds by parochial schools was a violation of the separation of church and state under the First Amendment's Establishment's Clause. The Lawsuit After five years of research, the District Court initially found that the use of public funds by parochial schools was a violation of the separation of church and state. The original trial judge distinguished between the lending of textbooks to parochial schools and the use of instructional materials. The trial judge concluded that the use of textbooks was permissible because they could be monitored and screened to make sure they were not biased and did not promote religious beliefs. The use of instructional materials (i.e., computers, maps and projectors), however, was an invalid use of state funds because they could be used in a variety of unmonitored ways to promote religion in the classroom.

26. Parochial Schools Private and parochial schools. Clairborne Christian School 320 Laird Street WestMonroe, La. Northeast louisiana Baptist School 2507 Oliver Road Monroe, La. http://www.monroe.org/education/parochial.html

Private Schools Table of Contents Contact Us Home Page Private and Parochial Schools Clairborne Christian School 320 Laird Street West Monroe, La. 71291 Grace Episcopal School 1400 North 4th Street Monroe, La. 71201 Nature's Way Montessori School 1010 Riverside Drive Monroe, La. 71201 Northeast Louisiana Baptist School 2507 Oliver Road Monroe, La. 71201 Ouachita Christian School, Inc 7065 Highway 165 North Monroe, La. 71203 Pecanland Christian School Frontage Road Monroe, La. 71202 River Oaks School 600 Finks Hideaway Road Monroe, La. 71203

27. Table Of Contents Monroe Tourism Entertainment, Museums in Monroe, louisiana. Hotels Motels, MonroeChamber Elementary SchoolListing. Monroe Chamber-parochial schools. Education. http://www.monroe.org/contents.htm

Table of Contents Table of Contents Contact Us Home Page Table of Contents Contact Us(Chamber Staff) Find a Business Monroe Chamber-Arts Page Monroe Chamber - Louisiana Lore ... Media Contact us for questions or information about this site. Monroe Chamber of Commerce, 212 Walnut Street, Suite 100, Monroe, LA 71201, Toll Free 1-888-531-9535..

28. ABCNEWS.com : Court Upholds Public Aid To Parochial Schools Court Overturns Appellate Ruling At issue in the louisiana case is a the program,the funds are shared with nonpublic schools, including parochial schools. http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/scotus_textbooksruling_000628.html

GO Kids GO Family GO Money GO Sports ... GO Home ABCNEWS WEB ABOUT GO NETWORK SIGN IN FREE E-MAIL HOME NEWS SUMMARY U.S. Raw News POLITICS WORLD BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE TRAVEL ESPN SPORTS ENTERTAINMENT WEATHER.com REFERENCE LOCAL ABCNEWS ON TV US HEADLINES Elian Free to Go Court Strikes Down Abortion Law Court Approves Gay Scout Ban Court Issues Church-State Ruling ... Threats Made at Catholic Archdiocese Offices SEARCH ABC.com TurboNews EMAIL ABCNEWS.com SEND PAGE TO A FRIEND TOOLS AND HELPERS Court Upholds Public Aid to Religious Schools Case Has Broad Implications for Church-State Debate The Supreme Court ruled that taxpayer money can be used to buy computers and other instructional materials for religious schools. (Art Today) By Geraldine Sealey June 28 The 6-3 decision in the closely watched case is an apparent victory for supporters of using public money to aid families who send their children to religious schools and a boost to a federal effort to get every school connected to the Internet. Court Overturns Appellate Ruling At issue in the Louisiana case is a section of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, which provides funds to educational programs for services and equipment. Under the program, the funds are shared with nonpublic schools, including parochial schools.

29. The Times : Today's Headlines and parochial schools that wish to accept would have to agree to make public schoolperformance scores but would not have to give students the louisiana http://www.shreveporttimes.com/html/9BFBF941-4053-4A6B-92CE-F810A7AA2498.shtml

OAS_sitepage = 'news.shreveporttimes.com/stories'; HOT LINKS Online Welcome Kit Photo Galleries Updated Weather Used Car Search ... Schools MARKETPLACE Jobs Cars Real Estate Classifieds ... Interactive map Foster to ask for limited vouchers John Hill / Louisiana Gannett News Posted on February 4, 2003 The "very limited" voucher program would apply only to those schools judged failing under the state's educational accountability program and could be used only at private and parochial schools that would conform to the state program. That conformity would include making public scores on national standardized academic achievement tests. Foster's chief of staff, Andy Koplin, outlined the program in a speech to the Baton Rouge Press Club with Foster in the audience. "You miss a lot of parenting. That's why we've got to do it," Foster said. "Our schools have got to do what our homes used to do." The limited voucher program is being developed through negotiations between Foster's staff and the Archdiocese of New Orleans, a principal backer of the voucher system. "The money would follow the child,' Koplin said.

30. AJCongress On Supreme Court Ruling Aid To Parochial Schools (June 28, 2000) Today's Supreme Court decision in the louisiana case Mitchell payfor computers and other instructional materials for use in parochial schools. http://www.ajcongress.org/pages/RELS2000/JUN_2000/jun00_06.htm

SUPREME COURT DECISION ON TAXPAYER FUNDING OF COMPUTERS TO PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS 'BLASTS HOLE' IN WALL OF CHURCH-STATE SEPARATION, AJCONGRESS SAYS (June 28, 2000) Today's Supreme Court decision in the Louisiana case Mitchell v. Helms "blasts a hole" in the wall of church-state separation, declared the American Jewish Congress today, "with unforeseeable consequences for the First Amendment values that have governed our nation since its inception." The ruling, overturning two prior Supreme Court decisions, permits taxpayer money to pay for computers and other instructional materials for use in parochial schools. "By declaring that the 1970's decisions banning supplies other than text books to parochial schools no longer are operative," said AJCongress Executive Director Phil Baum in a statement, "the Court has now largely jettisoned the understanding which gave rise to those earlier decisions that the Constitution assigns responsibility for funding parochial schools to those who share the religious assumptions of the schools." AJCongress did, however, find a silver lining in the "key opinion" of Justices O'Connor and Breyer, which "makes plain that direct financial aid to parochial schools in the form of vouchers, remains unconstitutional."

31. Grant & Associates, Inc. Company Profile He attended parochial schools, graduating from Archbishop Rummel High School in 1969.He received a BA in History from louisiana State University in May of 1973 http://www.grant-assoc.com/company_profile.htm

Company Background has been associated with the premier manufacturers of plumbing and commercial building products since its inception by Walter Grant, Jr. in 1929. In April, 1985, the company was acquired by Walter Kenning, the current president. The company business is conducted from an office/warehouse located in Elmwood, LA, a suburb of New Orleans, and a sales office in Shreveport, LA. is committed to regular call schedule for the entire territory that includes architects, mechanical/plumbing engineers, contractors, and key primary end-users. We also support and maintain close relationships with our wholesale customers. Carol Talbot, Leigh Hudson and Paulette Brown provide office back-up. Leigh shares inside sales, quotation, purchasing and inventory responsibilities. Carol assists with inside sales, quoting prices and delivery schedules, general office and clerical duties. Paulette helps with clerical and bookkeeping duties. The Principles Walter M. Kenning

32. Rhode Island Catholic Schools Parents Federation louisiana State Board of Education Upheld a louisiana statute that authorized ofcharge to all children, including those attending parochial schools, in grades http://www.catholicschools.org/parents_federation/court_cases.html

Landmark Supreme Court Cases Impacting Catholic Schools 1925 - Pierce vs. Society of Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary Struck down an Oregon statute which required public school education, declaring the state must also recognize attendance at a qualified private school as satisfying compulsory school attendance requirement. 1930 - Cochran vs. Louisiana State Board of Education Upheld a Louisiana statute that authorized the purchasing and supplying of nonsectarian textbooks by the state to parochial school pupils. 1947 - Everson vs. Board of Education of Ewing Township Upheld a New Jersey program which provided, with tax-raised funds, bus transportation services to and from school to parochial school students. 1968 - Board of Education vs. Allen Upheld a New York textbook law authorizing the lending of textbooks free of charge to all children, including those attending parochial schools, in grades seven through twelve. 1971 - Lemon vs. Kutzman, Earley vs. Dicenso Invalidated Pennsylvania and Rhode Island statutes which provided for the purchase with state money of secular educational services from parochial schools, and permitted salary supplements to nonpublic school teachers of secular subjects. 1977 - Woolman vs. Walter

33. Capitol Watch : Your Guide To Louisiana State Government parochial schools, especially those in the louisiana Catholic Conference, failedin their attempt to get vouchers approved in 1999 and 2001, the latest open http://capitolwatch.reallouisiana.com/html/82C6918E-740F-48CF-9B86-32CAF65F2AC0.

Capitol Watch Home News Taxes Education ... Other EDITORIAL PARTNERS Content for this site is produced by Gannett News Service's Baton Rouge, Louisiana, bureau , in partnership with Louisiana Gannett newspapers : /* You may give each page an identifying name, server, and channel on the next lines. */ var pageName="" var server="capitolwatch.reallouisiana.com" var channel="News" var pageType="" var pageValue="" var prop1="" var prop2="" var prop3="" var prop4="" var prop5="" var prop6="news" var prop7="" var prop8="" var prop9="" var prop10="" /********* INSERT THE DOMAIN AND PATH TO YOUR CODE BELOW ************/ /********** DO NOT ALTER ANYTHING ELSE BELOW THIS LINE! *************/ var s_code=' ' BESE seeks plan to deal with vouchers Mike Hasten / Louisiana Gannett News/Baton Rouge Posted on September 19, 2002 Public school officials have fought the concept of vouchers for years. Parochial schools, especially those in the Louisiana Catholic Conference, failed in their attempt to get vouchers approved in 1999 and 2001, the latest open sessions of the Legislature when such a proposal could be considered. The LSBA and Louisiana Association of School Superintendents have adopted a policy urging the Legislature to oppose any voucher legislation because "every dollar spent on vouchers drains a desperately needed dollar from public schools. Parents want good teachers, strong discipline and a safe learning environment. Vouchers do nothing to enhance these factors for 100 percent of the public schools students," according to the resolution.

34. Capitol Watch : Your Guide To Louisiana State Government oil that's produced outside the United States but processed in louisiana. uniforms,including shoes, that are required by public, private or parochial schools. http://capitolwatch.reallouisiana.com/html/F3D59CF2-3671-4996-828A-73053CF007C1.

Capitol Watch Home News Taxes Education ... Other EDITORIAL PARTNERS Content for this site is produced by Gannett News Service's Baton Rouge, Louisiana, bureau , in partnership with Louisiana Gannett newspapers : /* You may give each page an identifying name, server, and channel on the next lines. */ var pageName="" var server="capitolwatch.reallouisiana.com" var channel="Taxes" var pageType="" var pageValue="" var prop1="" var prop2="" var prop3="" var prop4="" var prop5="" var prop6="news" var prop7="" var prop8="" var prop9="" var prop10="" /********* INSERT THE DOMAIN AND PATH TO YOUR CODE BELOW ************/ /********** DO NOT ALTER ANYTHING ELSE BELOW THIS LINE! *************/ var s_code=' ' Lawmakers look for other tax and spend solutions Many question governor''s proposal Mike Hasten / Louisiana Gannett News/Baton Rouge Posted on April 29, 2002 Legislators don't naturally like to increase taxes, but when there's a specific group, like gambling interests, big oil, cigarettes or liquor, they're willing to make exceptions. Campbell was so quick to refile the measure after defeat in the past several years that it's designated Senate Bill 1.

35. ACRU - ACLU Watch - The Aid To Parochial Schools Case The Aid to parochial schools Case. and equipment to private as well as public schoolsunder a It was brought in a louisiana Parish, where 30% of such aid went http://www.civilrightsunion.com/acluwatch/aid.htm

The "Aid to Parochial Schools" Case In Mitchell v. Helms, (98-1648), decided June 28, 2000, the Supreme Court decided that aid in the form of text books, materials and equipment to private as well as public schools under a federal law, did not violate the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. The case has a curious history. It was brought in a Louisiana Parish, where 30% of such aid went to private schools that were also Catholic. (Aid was provided on the basis of student enrollment.) One District Judge struck the statute down. He retired, and the subsequent Judge upheld the statute. Then, the Court of Appeals reversed the judgment based on its reading of intervening Supreme Court decisions. Then the Supreme Court reversed the Court of Appeals, upholding the statute. The position of the ACLU was against the statute that provided this aid. The judgment of the Court was written by Justice Thomas, joined by the Chief Justice, and Justices Scalia and Kennedy. It noted first that the aid to schools should be equal for all students, regardless of their school, that any participating private schools had to be non-profit, and that the materials or equipment provided under Chapter 2 of the Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981 was required to be "secular, neutral, and nonideological." The judgment noted the problems of analysis presented in this case to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, both by the seemingly conflicting decisions of the Supreme Court itself, and conflicting opinions in other Circuits (which are, of course, advisory rather than binding to other Circuit Courts). It said, "The Fifth Circuit thus faced a dilemma between, on the one hand, the Ninth Circuit’s holding and analysis in Walker and our subsequent decisions in Rosenberger and Agostini, and, on the other hand, our holdings in Meek and Wolman. To resolve the dilemma, the Fifth Circuit abandoned any effort to find coherence in our case law or to divine the future course of our decisions and instead focused on our particular holdings."

36. Louisiana Department Of Education - Press Release louisiana’s public K8 public schools receive School Performance Scores this year. Private and parochial schools are not judged by the program. http://www.lcet.doe.state.la.us/doe/news/prSPS.asp

Louisiana Department of Education FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Date: September 23, 1999 Contact: Doug Myers, (225) 342-3600, Fax: (225) 342-0193 SCHOOL PERFORMANCE SCORES RELEASED TODAY Go to the School Performance Score Website. BATON ROUGE, La. - Making history, the state today released "performance scores" on its 1,188 K-8 public schools, rating them based on student scores on state and national tests, attendance and dropout rates. The school scores are part of the state’s new School and District Accountability System. "This is a historic day because this has never been done before in Louisiana," Gov. Mike Foster said. "For the first time, we are judging our schools' performance and giving them scores based on specific criteria. This means we will be able to help schools that have problems and reward schools that are succeeding." "Parents should be excited about this because, for the first time, they can see how well their child's school is performing," Foster said. Foster said Louisiana is joining other states - such as Texas and North Carolina - where "accountability" programs have been successful in improving student performance. "And I expect that we will see the same, positive results here," Foster said.

37. Denver Catholic Register - Local News The louisiana case first arose in 1984 when a group of parents from those funds poseda threat to the religious autonomy of the parochial schools that accepted http://www.archden.org/dcr/archive/20000712/2000071213ln.htm

Archbishop's web site Denver Catholic Register Parishes Catholic Pastoral Center July 12, 2000 Supreme Court upholds aid to parochial schools By Jerry Filteau WASHINGTON (CNS) - In what was quickly hailed as a landmark ruling for school choice, the U.S. Supreme Court has upheld use of federal funds to help supply computer hardware and software and library and media materials to religiously affiliated schools. By a 6-3 decision June 28 the court reversed the judgment of the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which had said it was unconstitutional to include religious schools among the private schools receiving such aid in Jefferson Parish, La. The case is titled Mitchell vs. Helms. Four of the six-justice majority proposed what in effect would be a new, simpler neutrality test for the constitutionality of public aid to private schools. Two justices agreed that the Louisiana aid was constitutional but sharply opposed the other four's view of how the court should test such cases. The three dissenters also opposed revising the neutrality test. Archbishop Francis B. Schulte of New Orleans said he was "elated" by the Supreme Court's ruling.

38. ERA Moffett Realty, Inc. - Community Information Parish schools Private parochial schools McNeese State Calcasieu Parish schoolsEvery community strives to public school system in louisiana with an http://eramoffett.com/community/schools.html

Area Schools Calcasieu Parish Schools McNeese State University Sowela Technical Institute Private Business Schools ... Enrollment Statistics Calcasieu Parish Schools The new school term usually starts during the last two weeks of August. Children entering kindergarden must be five years old by Sept. 30th of the school year. Children should be pre-registered at the Department of Child Welfare and Attendance, 2423 6th Street, Lake Charles, LA 70601, phone 437-1204. Necessary documents to bring at the time of registration are an official birth certificate, social security card and custody papers if appropriate, record of immunizations and two different utility bill receipts to verify residence. Transfer students must also have their most recent report cards or transcripts for placement purposes. Bus service is provided to students if they live more than a mile from their assigned school. If a student is given permission to attend a school outside his or her assigned district, they must provide their own means of transportation. Evidence of the area's scholastic aptitude is seen in state competition. For the past several years, Calcasieu schools have dominated the Louisiana Literary Rally. The average scores of those who took the National Merit tests traditionally range from 26 to 40 points higher than the national averages on both the verbal and mathematical sections. Each district's curriculum is a balanced study program aimed at preparing graduates to successfully compete in colleges and universities nation wide.

39. ERA Moffett Realty, Inc. - Lake Charles Area There are several private/parochial schools in the area HIGHER EDUCATION There areseveral colleges and universities in Southwest louisiana or within reasonable http://eramoffett.com/community/learn.html

AN ENVIRONMENT FOR LEARNING The Southwest Louisiana area school systems provide quality education at every level, from preschool centers to advanced degrees in higher education. The area's competitive and comprehensive education programs help assure that new and expanding businesses have a continuing pool of workers with the level of education and expertise required for their operations. Schools at all levels are constantly improving their general education curricula with programs specifically designed to meet employment possibilities. PRIMARY/SECONDARY EDUCATION An emphasis is placed on the basics of mathematics, reading and language arts during the kindergarten through 5th grade level. Students from 6th through 8th grade are met with a rigorous curriculum to prepare them for high school. English, mathematics, science and social studies serve as the core curriculum. Physical education, music and art are also part of the course offerings. Exploratory courses offered include many areas in home economics and industrial arts. Secondary schools offer sound basic academic programs, plus many elective courses designed for individual preferences. SPECIAL EDUCATION The Special Education department provides programs which meet the needs of exceptional students. Deaf students and exceptional students are served by specially tailored programs. Programs are provided for the severely handicapped students, some of whom require special medical attention. Related services such as physical and occupational therapy are provided for students whose evaluations indicate a need. Home bound instruction are also provided by itinerant teachers. For more information contact the following:

40. Antebellum Louisiana I - Politics, Education And Entertainment Catholic parochial schools remained the most numerous during the during colonial days,but Protestant schools rose in number, especially in north louisiana. http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cab7.htm

Antebellum Louisiana: Politics, Education, and Entertainment Louisiana Politics Cultural differences and individual personalities, rather than party platforms and philosophies, defined political lines in antebellum Louisiana. Conflict between Anglo and Latin residents and between northern and southern sections of the state infused most political issues. Overall, wealthy planters and their merchant allies dominated state government during this time. Map of Louisiana and the Three Municipalities c. 1850 Sections reproduced from J. H. Colton and Company, The City of New Orleans, 1855 This map shows the general political divisions between strongholds of Democrats and Whigs in north and south Louisiana and between Latins and Anglos in the New Orleans municipalities. In general, the Florida parishes (formerly English and Spanish possessions) and north Louisiana supported Anglo-American candidates of the Democratic party. Many of the voters living in these areas were Protestants of English or American descent. On the other side of the political arena stood the wealthier planters and their merchant allies from the sugar parishes of south Louisiana. Primarily Catholics and native-born descendents of French and Spanish colonists, south Louisiana voters supported issues championed by the Whig party and its candidates. New Orleans reflected on a smaller scale the statewide conflict between Anglo and Latin factions. In 1836 the city was divided into three municipalities. Democrats drew support from an immigrant and Creole coalition of Catholics in the First and Third Municipalities. The Whig party and its successor, the American or so-called Know-Nothing party, attracted Protestant, native-born Anglo-Americans who mainly resided in the Second Municipality.

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