41. ASU Lichen Herbarium Homepage Information about the lichen collection, the Sonoran Desert Lichen Flora Project, and research about lichens at ASU. http://ces.asu.edu/ASUlichens/

GENERAL INFORMATION THE SONORAN DESERT LICHEN FLORA PROJECT First Volume of the Flora PROFILES Who is who in the ASU Lichen Herbarium? LINKS to other web-pages on lichenology SEARCH ASU Lichen Herbarium DATABASE You can query our database as part of the Natural History Collections in the North American Southwest ABLS EXCHANGE Lichen Specimen Exchange currently hosted by the ASU Lichen Herbarium PLB 400: LICHENOLOGY - Interactive Teaching Material - LIAS Descriptor Workbench ASU is currently contributing to a revision of the Character Database for LIAS (The Global Information System for Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes) © Frank Bungartz, Lichen Herbarium, Arizona State University NEW! search the HISTORIC COLLECTION of Brother Arsène Brouard NEW MEXICO now hosted at ASU please send your comments about this website to: frank.bungartz@asu.edu This website is hosted by the Center of Environmental Studies (CES) © Lichen Herbarium, Arizona State University click here General Information Sonoran Desert Lichen Flora Links ... Department of Plant Biology

42. Symbiosis: Mycorrhizae And Lichens Symbiosis Mycorrhizae and lichens. Introduction. The two most common examplein fungi are mycorrhizae and lichens, which we will cover, today. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/BOT135/Lect26.htm

Symbiosis: Mycorrhizae and Lichens Introduction In its most common usage, symbiosis is used to describe the intimate association between two distantly, related species that are mutually benefiting from this association. These associations are obligatory ones in which neither organisms can survive in nature if the two organisms are separated. However, in the strict sense of this term, as it was proposed by de Barry in 1879, symbiotic relationships include a wide range of associations: Phoresy : A loose association where a usually, smaller organism is using a larger one as a transport host. Normally used in references to arthropods and fishes. An example of the latter is the remora, illustrated below, in Fig 1. Fig. 1: The remora is a one of several species of marine fishes that have sucking disks with which they attach themselves to sharks, whales, sea turtles, or the hulls of ships. Commensalism : An association in which one species, usually the smaller, benefits from the association while the other species seems to be unaffected. Such relationships are usually not obligate and neither species will die if the association does not form. A common example is the relationship between the clown fish and sea anemone . The clown fish can swim into the tentacles of the anemone but will not be paralyzed by its sting. By staying within the tentacles of the anemone, it is protected from fish that may prey on it. However, the anemone does not apparently benefit from this relationship. An example more common in Hawai‘i is the

43. The British Lichen Society Advance interest in all branches of lichenology. Includes comprehensive information on British lichens. http://www.thebls.org.uk/

BRITISH LICHEN SOCIETY First contact ... for young students and those curious about lichens ... Fun with Lichens in Lichenland for more general enquiries ... bls@nhm.ac.uk or write to the Society's Secretary The Site is maintained by jmgray@argonet.co.uk and was last updated on 5th April 2003 The B.L.S. (updated annually) The aims of the Society, its Honorary Members and Officers. Prospectus What the Society does, its categories of membership and subscription rates. Rules The Constitution of the Society Membership Application Form A printable form. Subscription Status (updated annually) Ordinary Members can see whether, or not, their subscriptions have been paid for the coming year. General Information (updated regularly) Advice about identification, collecting, chemicals and the BLS mapping scheme. Meetings, Workshops and Courses (updated regularly) Details of forthcoming BLS meetings, workshops and other courses,. A.G.M. 2004 - Edinburgh Preliminary details of the next Annual General Meeting. Regional and Specialist Referees Listing of members with particular responsibilities and interests.

44. Lichens lichens are Fungi! Orange Lichen on Tombstone The plantlike appearanceof lichens hides their true identity. A lichen http://www.herb.lsa.umich.edu/kidpage/lichens.htm

Home Catalog Lichens are Fungi! Orange Lichen on Tombstone The plant-like appearance of lichens hides their true identity. A lichen is not a single organism, but the result of a partnership (mutualistic symbiosis) between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria. Some lichens are formed of three or more partners. The body of a lichen consists of fungal filaments (hyphae) surrounding cells of green algae and/or blue-green cyanobacteria. The basis of the mutualistic symbiosis in lichens is similar to the mycorrhizal partnership between some species of fungi and the roots of most plants. The lichen fungus provides its partner(s) a benefit (protection) and gains nutrients in return. The complexity of lichen partnerships has caused lichens to be described as "small ecosystems". They are classified as members of the Fungus Kingdom by systematists because the fungus partner is always the major partner. After a lichen symbiosis is established, the fungus has the greatest influence on the final form of the lichen body’s shape, and whether it is tough or flexible. The algal and bacterial partner(s) each have their own scientific names, but the lichen symbiosis is known only by the name of its fungus. The great majority of the 13,500-18,000 species of lichenized fungi are Ascomycetes, the "cup fungi". About 20 species in the tropical and temperate rain forests are Basidiomycetes, the "mushrooms". About 40 genera of algae and cyanobacteria are found in lichen partnerships.

45. Lichens Monograph. http://biotop.umcs.lublin.pl/users/zglobek/lichens.htm

Home Page of "Lichens" by Józef Motyka Jozef Motyka: Lichenes. Monograph of European species of the Lecanoraceae family volume I: ASPICILIA, HYMENELIA, LACANORELLA, MANZONIA, PROTOPLACODIUM; p. 384; published in 1995 volume II: PINACISCA, LECIDORINA, URCEOLARIA, SEMILECANORA, PARAPLACODIUM, KOERBERIELLA, PSEUDOPLACODIUM, TEPHROMELA; p.650; published in 1996 volume III: LECANORA; p. 590; published in 1996 volume IV: SQUAMARINA, PLACODIUM, HARPIDIUM, TRAPELINA, MOSIGIA; published in 1996 Each volume consists of: keys for identification of species (in English and Polish) and descriptions of taxa (in Polish and Latin). Volume I contains also prefaces and comprehensive part (in French and Polish). Professor Józef Motyka - my father - who died in 1984, left typescripts which included the results of his research on the Polish and European lichen species of the Lecanoraeae family. It was my father`s wish that I see to it that after his death, his work would be published . Maria Motyka-Zglobicka prof. Jerzy Fabiszewski (Preface. Vol. I) Volume V Volume V - Atlas of nomenclatorical types of Lecanoraceae family. M. Motyka-Zglobicka, W. Zglobicki. UMCS 2002 (A5, hard cover 75 picutres)

46. Lichens Et Qualité De L'air Translate this page lichens et qualité de l'air. SOMMAIRE DU SITE. 1. Quelques rappels sur labiologie des lichens, 1.1 Notion de champignon lichénisé ou lichen. http://www2.ac-lille.fr/lichen/default.htm

Bienvenue sur notre site Web - Vous êtes le visiteur ! Biologie des Lichens Bioindication lichénique Technique de cartographie Détermination des lichens ... Campagne régionale de cartographie de la qualité de l'air Lichens et qualité de l'air L'un des problèmes majeurs de notre fin de siècle est la pollution atmosphérique. Il est possible d'évaluer la qualité de l'air à l'aide d'appareils de mesure, cependant leur coût élevé ne permettra jamais de couvrir l'ensemble du territoire. L'utilisation d'organismes vivants et, en particulier pour l'évaluation de la qualité de l'air, la bioindication lichénique, doit être un outil à privilégier. Les lichens sont présents partout et leurs différences de sensibilité aux polluants nous permet de les utiliser pour évaluer l'évolution qualitative et quantitative de nombreux milieux. Après quelques rappels simples sur les conceptions actuelles de la biologie des lichens, nous vous proposons un protocole expérimental permettant, aux élèves des collèges et lycées, d'évaluer la qualité de l'air dans les zones proches de leur établissement. Les relevés de terrain que vous nous communiquerez via Internet ou par courrier, seront analysés puis synthétisés afin de compléter et actualiser la carte de l'état de la qualité de l'air dans notre région. Des expériences analogues ont déjà été réalisées avec succès en Grande-Bretagne, ou sont actuellement menées par plusieurs établissements scolaires de Suède (région d'Örnsköldsvik) et d'Espagne (région de Valence).

47. USDA- Forest Service PNW Lichens And Air Quality The R6 lichens HomePage. Each summer, specially trained field crews collecttarget lichens and mosses for tissue analysis at all plots. http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/lichen/

The R6 Lichens HomePage Alectoria sarmentosa (above), abundant in forested mountains of the Pacific Northwest, reflects the region's generally good air quality. Air Quality Biomonitoring Program on National Forests of Northwest Oregon and Southwest Washington Information Available Query the Lichens, Mosses and Air Quality Database Get Lichen Drawings, Illustrations are by Alexander Mikulin, mag@proaxis.com Air Quality and Lichens - A Literature Review Emphasizing the Pacific Northwest, USA A graphic example of air pollution and its effects on lichen abundance and distribution Pollution effects on lichen morphology Lichen sensitivity ratings defined Lichen sensitivity ratings by species (with images) National Forest lichen inventory data Regional Contacts Link to other lichen information resources BACKGROUND INFORMATION Beginning in 1993 and 1994, managers of the Willamette, Siuslaw, Deschutes, Gifford Pinchot and Mt. Hood National Forests and the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area pooled resources to develop a unified approach for biomonitoring air quality using non-vascular plants. They wanted information which would be comparable across Forest boundaries and interface with other Forest, regional and national databases. The primary objectives of the program are to help Forests meet federal and agency responsibilities for the detection and description of air pollution impacts and the protection of Forest air resources. Secondary objectives are to improve our understanding of the ecological roles of non-vascular plants and to develop their potential as indicators of forest health, stability and biodiversity.

48. The Biodiversity Of A New England Woodlot Series: Rockwall Lichens Some lichens Growing on Rocks in the Northeast. In appreciation of the beautifuland diverse rock wall lichens, 12 species are described below. http://www.fs.fed.us/na/durham/misc_docs/rockwall.htm

Some Lichens Growing on Rocks in the Northeast Roger Monthey (Forest Stewardship Program; USDA Forest Service; Durham, NH) Umbilicaria mammulata ) and the Common Toadskin ( Lasallia papulosa ) are a couple of examples. How to Know the Lichens published in 1979. Common names were taken from Sharnoff (personal communication). Caloplaca flavovirescens (Sulphur Firedot Lichen) - Species in the genus Caloplaca are being called Firedot lichens, or Jewel lichens. Most species are bright orange or yellow-orange in either the thallus (vegetative body of the lichen) or the apothecia (reproductive structures usually disc or cup-shaped) and often in both. The apothecia usually have rims the same color as the thallus. Most species grow on rock but a few are found on bark (Sharnoff, personal communication). Cetralia chicitae Flavoparmelia baltimorensis (Rock Greenshield Lichen) - The thallus is yellowish green, adnate (lying flat on and attached to the substrate), to loosely attached on rock; 6-15 cm broad with colonies fusing to cover large areas. Upper surface becomes rugose (having wrinkles or ridges) with age. It is covered with coarse isidia (tiny, finger-like asexual reproductive structures that protrude from the upper thallus) which break open with age and thus may appear sorediate. Apothecia are rare. The lower thallus surface is black with a narrow bare brown zone at the margins. Hale considers this species to be very common on rocks in open oak woods.

49. Database_LICHEN Red List of the epiphytic lichens of Switzerland. About the Lichen Database;A representative survey of frequency of epiphytic lichens (in german); http://www.wsl.ch/rauminf/riv/datenbank/lichen/database_lichen.html

Database LICHEN Red List of the epiphytic lichens of Switzerland About the Lichen Database A representative survey of frequency of epiphytic lichens (in german) Submitted Forms to Database Lichen This may take some time. Maps of epiphytic lichen species This may take some time. Other Sites of Interest Licons International conference on lichen conservation biology Lichen Herbarium of the Swedish Museum of Natural History LIAS Li chenized and lichenicolues As comycetes Mycology - WWW Sites of Interest University of Minnesota Herbarium Your feedback is welcome, please Send Comments and Questions to Christoph Scheidegger Send Enhancement requests to Nick Baumberger or (for GIS only) Entity Relationship Attribute Diagramm - EARD Acrobat Reader Document) How to login Last update: 14.08.1998/ nb Back to WSL

50. Lichens Of The Ozarks Douglas M. Ladd. lichens are critical components of many terrestrialecosystems yet they remain largely understudied. There are http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/ozarks/

F loristics and I mplications for B iodiversity C onservation A joint project of The New York Botanical Garden and The Nature Conservancy by Richard C. Harris and Douglas M. Ladd Lichens are critical components of many terrestrial ecosystems yet they remain largely understudied. There are immense gaps in our knowledge regarding lichen taxonomy, ecology, and biogeography, and these gaps impede efforts to devise and implement unified strategies for sustainable biodiversity conservation. In North America, the only comprehensive regional treatments of lichens are outdated and cover areas in the glaciated regions of the northern United States and Canada. It has been estimated that 10-20% of the North American lichen biota is currently undescribed. Building on initial work completed during the past 15 years, we will produce a comprehensive account of the taxonomy, descriptive ecology, floristics, and distribution of the region's lichen biota. This will result in several products, including 1) the first large scale set of lichen specimens from the region, 2) publications of numerous new lichen species, 3) a book that will make accessible for the first time information on midcontinental lichens, 4) a multifaceted web site providing keys and illustrations 5) a searchable, GIS-linked database of the major holdings of Ozark lichen collections housed at NY UMO MIN and MOR along with other linked information, 6) an educational workshop, and 7) updated proposals for rare and endangered lichens within Missouri and Arkansas for use by conservation agencies, both private and governmental, within the region.

51. An Introduction To Lichens An Introduction to lichens by Salvatore De Santis Herbarium Intern 1999 Folioselichens are leaflike in both appearance and structure. http://www.nybg.org/bsci/lichens/

An Introduction to Lichens by Salvatore De Santis Herbarium Intern A lichen looks like a single organism, but it is actually a symbiotic relationship between different organisms. It is composed of a fungal partner (mycobiont) and one or more photosynthetic partners (photobiont). The photosynthetic partner is generally green algae or cyanobacteria. There are about 13,500 species of lichen on the Earth. It is debated whether the relationship in a lichen is mutualistic or part of a controlled parasitism . On one hand, the fungus and the photobiont seem to be in a mutualistic relationship because when they are combined, they have the ability to deal with ecological conditions that neither part would be able to handle on its own. It also seems that neither partner is damaged by the other. Upon taking a closer look at a lichen, some might say that the photobiont is a captive of the mycobiont, not a partner. The fungal partner "enslaves" the photobiont to feed from the photobiont’s photosynthesis. In a lichen, the mycobiont produces a

52. Looking At Lichens Looking at lichens. by Doug Ladd. lichens grow throughout Missouri and area major contributor to the mosaic of colors in our natural landscape. http://www.conservation.state.mo.us/conmag/1998/10/2.html

Looking at Lichens by Doug Ladd Part algae, part fungi, these organisms merit more than a casual glance. Almost everyone is familiar with the term lichen (pronounced "like-in"), but few people know much about these small plantlike organisms. Lichens grow throughout Missouri and are a major contributor to the mosaic of colors in our natural landscape. They grow on all types of rocks and trees in a variety of habitats, and they are an important component of healthy habitats. British Solders (Caladonia cristatella) Cedar lichen (Vulpicidia viridis) Pyxie cups (Cladonia grayi) Wrinkled shield lichen (Flavoparmelia caperata) Reindeer lichen (Cladina subtenuis) Cliff wafer (Dermatocarpon miniatum) Lemon lichen (Candelaria concolor) Grey star lichen (Physcia stellaris) Rough shield lichen (Punctelia rudecta) Gold eye lichen (Teloschistes) Old man's beard (Usnea strigosa) Jewel lichen (Caloplaca feracissima) Boulder lichen (Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia) lichen grasshopper colored like boulder lichen. Lichen grasshoppers are almost impossible to find when resting on patches of boulder lichen. Lichens often are lumped with mosses or other small plants, although they have little in common except size and habitat because lichens have no roots, stems or leaves. Unlike most animals and leafy plants, a lichen is a fusion of two unrelated organisms. Every lichen is a combination of a fungus and algae or algaelike bacteria. Bread mold, morel mushrooms or the toadstools that sometime grow in our lawns are some familiar fungi. Algae are most familiar to us as the green scum on ponds and other slow-flowing waters.

53. FUNGI (fungi, Moulds And Lichens) BioImages The Virtual FieldGuide (UK). FUNGI (fungi, moulds and lichens).Phylum ASCOMYCOTA (spore-shooters). Phylum BASIDIOMYCOTA (spore droppers). http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/T74.HTM

BioImages: The Virtual Field-Guide (UK) FUNGI (fungi, moulds and lichens) Phylum: ASCOMYCOTA (spore-shooters) Phylum: BASIDIOMYCOTA (spore droppers) Species: Sphaerococcus globosus (a lichen parasymbiont) Phylum: ZYGOMYCOTA (pin moulds) BioImages (UK) Life ... (living things)

54. ABRS - Checklist Of Australian Lichens - Introduction AUSTRALIAN BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES STUDY. CHECKLIST OF AUSTRALIAN lichens.Since the publication of Checklist of Australian lichens and http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/introduction.html

AUSTRALIAN BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES STUDY CHECKLIST OF AUSTRALIAN LICHENS Since the publication of Checklist of Australian Lichens and Allied Fungi in 1996 many new taxa have been described, new records have been reported, and numerous earlier misidentifications have been corrected. The current lichen list includes 3075 accepted species and infraspecific taxa in 387 genera. Genera are listed alphabetically, as are the accepted species under each generic heading. Synonyms that have been applied to Australian specimens are inserted under the appropriate accepted name. Doubtful and excluded names, nomina nuda , misapplied names and those reported in error from Australia are also included. Letters indicate the distribution of species among the States and mainland Territories of Australia, as well as Lord Howe I., Norfolk I., Christmas I. and Macquarie I. In addition to the lichenised taxa, we have also included non-lichenised species of lichen-dominated genera, e.g. Arthonia and Opegrapha . Lichenicolous and various allied genera form a supplementary checklist. Additions and corrections to the printed edition of 1996 are in: red print (updated December 1999)

55. ITALIC - The Information System On Italian Lichens ITALIC The Information System on Italian lichens. Enter here! ITALICis an information system on Italian lichens searchable on line http://dbiodbs.univ.trieste.it/

ITALIC The Information System on Italian Lichens Enter here! ITALIC is an information system on Italian lichens searchable on line, which organizes information from four main databases: a) general checklist of Italian lichens, b) morpho-anatomical database, c) herbaria, d) regional checklists, and from two archives: a) iconographic archive, b) archive of predictive distributional maps. Stefano Martellos Pier Luigi Nimis Dept. of Biology , University of Trieste

56. Botany Dept: Lichens lichens are found from rocky coast to mountain summit, and are dominantin the vast polar regions. Explore their amazing diversity http://www.nhm.ac.uk/botany/lichen/air/

Lichens are found from rocky coast to mountain summit, and are dominant in the vast polar regions. Explore their amazing diversity and learn their practical uses as the 'canaries' of the plant/fungal worlds. New book... What are lichens? How to assess air quality Lichen recolonisation Monitoring air quality using lichens ... Sources of further information For further information, contact Dr William Purvis

57. A Guide To Lichens On Twigs From The Natural History Museum Project info. Welcome to the guide to lichens on twigs. This site provides auserfriendly guide to over 60 lichens which can be found growing on twigs. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/botany/lichen/twig/

A guide to lichens on twigs Project info Welcome to the guide to lichens on twigs. This site provides a user-friendly guide to over 60 lichens which can be found growing on twigs. With the help of our fully illustrated multi-access key we hope you will find identification of these unique organisms easy and fun. Lichens on oak twigs in a clean air environment Lichens are extremely sensitive to pollution and are natural indicators of the health of our environment. So please take part in our online lichen survey of twigs in your area, and contribute to improving the health of our local environment. Follow the links above to find out more. This site has been developed by Pat Wolseley, Diccon Alexander, Peter James and Anne Hume of the Botany Department of the Natural History Museum, with photographs by Harry Taylor of the NHM and Frank Dobson. This guide is part of the AIDGAP project that produces user tested guides to animals and plants. You can obtain hard copy versions to take in the field with you from: FSC Publications

58. Lichens lichens. lichens are a unique life form because they are actually two separateorganisms, a fungus and an alga, living together in a symbiosis. http://biology.usgs.gov/s t/noframe/j095.htm

59. BGBM Lichens, Keys Key to the foliicolous lichen genera of the World; Key to the podetiate and pseudopodetiatelichens of highland Ecuador (genera Baeomyces, Cladia, Cladina http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/bgbm/staff/wiss/Sipman H/keys/default.htm

60. The British Lichen Society for young students and those curious about lichens LichenIdentifier Amulti-access computer key to the lichens of Great Briain and Ireland. http://users.argonet.co.uk/users/jmgray/

BRITISH LICHEN SOCIETY First contact ... for young students and those curious about lichens ... Fun with Lichens in Lichenland for more general enquiries ... bls@nhm.ac.uk or write to the Society's Secretary The Site is maintained by jmgray@argonet.co.uk and was last updated on 5th April 2003 The B.L.S. (updated annually) The aims of the Society, its Honorary Members and Officers. Prospectus What the Society does, its categories of membership and subscription rates. Rules The Constitution of the Society Membership Application Form A printable form. Subscription Status (updated annually) Ordinary Members can see whether, or not, their subscriptions have been paid for the coming year. General Information (updated regularly) Advice about identification, collecting, chemicals and the BLS mapping scheme. Meetings, Workshops and Courses (updated regularly) Details of forthcoming BLS meetings, workshops and other courses,. A.G.M. 2004 - Edinburgh Preliminary details of the next Annual General Meeting. Regional and Specialist Referees Listing of members with particular responsibilities and interests.

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