41. How It All Began - A Concise History Of Lebanon Historian Kamal Salibi presents a chapter from his book "From a House of Many Mansions, The history of lebanon Reconsidered." http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/900/902/Kamal-Salibi

Kamal Salibi From "A House of Many Mansions - The History of Lebanon Reconsidered" (chapter 1, pages. 19-37) Reproduced by kind permission of the author. How it all began - A concise history of Lebanon To create a country is one thing; to create a nationality is another. In the wake of the first world war, which ended with the destruction of the German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Ottoman empires, it was possible for the victorious Allies to redraw the political map of much of the world. In Europe, Germany and Austria-Hungary, defeated in the war, re-emerged as the German, Austrian and Hungarian republics. Meanwhile, the Bolshevik revolution was already beginning to transform the Russian empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. From European territories formerly German, Austro-Hungarian or Russian, new European states emerged. The overseas colonies of Germany, in Africa and elsewhere, were divided between Britain and France as mandates under licence from the newly organized League of Nations. Meanwhile, the Ottoman empire, as a result of its defeat in the war, had virtually ceased to exist. The Turkish heartlands, successfully reclaimed from Allied occupation by the Kemalist revolution, were ultimately reconstituted as the Turkish Republic; but the Arab provinces in historical Mesopotamia and Syria were irretrievably lost, and subsequently divided between Britain and France, again as mandated territory, with the provision that they must be prepared as soon as possible for independence.

42. Construction @ Lebanon.com - Beirut - Paths To History Click on a spot on this city map to get photos and descriptions of landmarks in that area. Read about Phoenican Beirut. Back to lebanon.com Home. Paths to history. Beirut Central District http://www.lebanon.com/construction/beirut/pathstohistory.htm

Community Services Community Discussions Community Chat Directory ... Back to Lebanon.com Home Paths to History Beirut Central District The Directorate General of Antiquites - Interactive Archeological Map Of Beirut Click on the different colored spots inside the map for a photo and explanation. Please be accurate when pointing your mouse. French Mandate 1920 1943 : Town Hall Ottoman 1516 - 1918: Cathedral Saint George of The Maronites Emir Mansour 'Assaf Mosque Glass Production in Beirut Old City (Beirut Al-Qadimah) ... Old Ottoman Serail Mamluk 1291 - 1516 Mamluk Pottery Kilns and Workshops Beirut's Last Mamluk Monument Crusaders 1110 - 1291 : Al Omari Mosque, originally the Crusader Cathedral of St John Byzantine 395 - 661: Byzantine Portico and Shops Late Roman House (domus) Roman 64 BC - AD395 : Roman Baths Persian = Late Phoenician 550 - 333 BC : Persian or Late Phoenician Jars Phoenician Iron Age 1200 - 550 BC : Phoenician Beirut Canaanite Bronze Age 3000 - 1200 BC : Canaanite Jar Burial Top Back to Construction Beirut Central District Current World Bank projects in Lebanon ... WHAT IS SOLIDERE?

43. WWW-VL History Index WWWVL history lebanon PLEASE NOTE that this site is currently without a maintainer, and needs one if it is to be maintained and developed properly. http://www.ukans.edu/history/VL/near_east/lebanon.html

WWW-VL HISTORY: LEBANON ABOUT THIS NETWORK . If you are still interested or have any questions, please e-mail Lynn Harry Nelson [lhnelson@raven.cc.ku.edu]. Click here for The World-Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL) central catalogue The WWW-VL search facility. Click Here to access the Mirror at Florence, Italy Click Here to access the Mirror at Lawrence, Kansas, USA Also see our sister site, WWW-VL Asian Studies. Lebanon Maps Map Page Relief 2000 Political Distribution of Religious Groups 1983 ... Beirut Historical Maps Sidon Tyre Gazetteers Towns and Villages Language Arabic Language Arabic Dictionaries Language, Culture and Grammar Notes On-Line Tutorials [scroll down to the section] Download Arabic Fonts French Dictionaries French Grammar On-Line French Course On-Line French Course 2 ... On-Line Resources Page Reference Britannica - Lebanon Countries of the World - Lebanon A Country Study - Lebanon World Factbook 2000 - Lebanon ... Enyclopedia of the Orient - Lebanon Bibliography Library of Congress Subject Search The Historical Journals Guide Lebanon.com Archaeologie-Online Biography Les Grandes Hommes Organizations Museums Timelines Histoire du Liban History Chronological Overviews A House of Many Mansions. The History of Lebanon Reconsidered

44. Lebanon , Lebanese American Association , LAA oldest civilization in the world. lebanon has a rich history. From its geographical position lebanon was the center of http://www.laa.org/tours/tourmap.htm

The Lebanese American Association Serving the community for over a decade Home Page Welcome Welcome to Lebanon. Hopefully you enjoy our guided tour of Lebanon. In this tour we will expose you to the Lebanese experience... Overview : Scene 1 Here is an Overview of the Republic of Lebanon and some useful data. Overview Our next stop will be in the heart of history, and a historical view of Lebanon. Coming Next ... Lebanon through history : Scene 2 Let 's go back in history and have a look at one of the oldest civilization in the world. Lebanon has a rich history. From its geographical position Lebanon was the center of the ancient world. So many civilizations had foot in the eastern region of the Mediterranean sea, from the Phoenicians to the Romans then the Ottoman Empire, and the French colonist. History was written on rocks, in the "Ourjouan" (purple) color, in the Alphabet, under the old ruins, by pen, by stories and myths, legends of the old world, in the heart of kings or "amir" (prince), by art and music, architecture and science, poets and writers, in the cedars and in the echoing sounds of the mountains and deep valleys, by all religions and wars, by love and piece !!! Starting with the Phoenicians ...

45. Lonely Planet World Guide | Destination Lebanon | History lebanon was the biblical 'land of milk and honey', and conquerors have always Thishas turned the country's history into a who's who of interlopers, pillagers http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/middle_east/lebanon/history.htm

home search help worldguide ... Related Weblinks Lebanon History Lebanon was the biblical 'land of milk and honey', and conquerors have always been attracted to its abundant natural resources, the safe anchorages on the coastline and the defensive possibilities of the high mountains. This has turned the country's history into a who's who of interlopers, pillagers and big-noters. The shores of Lebanon attracted settlers from about 10,000 BC onwards and by about 3000 BC, their villages had evolved into prototype cities. By around 2500 BC the coast had been colonised by people who later became known as the Phoenicians, one of the Mediterranean's greatest early civilisations. The Phoenicians never unified politically: they dominated as a result of enterprise and intellectual endeavour emanating from a string of independent city states. They ruled the sea with their superior vessels and navigational skills, were exceptional craftspeople, and created the first real alphabet. In the 9th century BC, the Assyrians clomped in, breaking the Phoenician's monopoly on Mediterranean trade. They yielded to the Neo-Babylonians, who were in turn overcome by the Persians (whom the Phoenicians regarded as liberators). The Phoenicians finally declined when Alexander the Great swept through the Middle East in the 4th century BC and Phoenicia was gradually Hellenised. In 64 BC, Pompey the Great conquered Phoenicia and it became part of the Roman province of Syria. Beirut became an important centre under Herod the Great and splendid temples were built at Baalbek.

46. Al Mashriq, Lebanon - History How it all began A concise history of lebanon From A House of ManyMansions - The history of lebanon Reconsidered, by Kamal Salibi. http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/history.html

History (See also the general history section. "How it all began - A concise history of Lebanon" From A House of Many Mansions - The History of Lebanon Reconsidered , by Kamal Salibi. Articles on the history and geography of Beirut by May and Michael Davie Jack Shulimson: MARINES IN LEBANON 1958 Notes from the Minefield: United States Intervention in Lebanon and the Middle East, 1945 - 1958 By Irene L. Gendzier. This book also gives a very good background on Lebanese post-independence history and politics. History of Lebanon at University of Pittsburgh Phoenicia Bayt esh-Sha@b The House of People (Presidential Palace) History of Lebanon From ArabNET al@mashriq

47. Lebanon's History: Phoenician Beginnings lebanon's history. Phoenician Beginnings. The Phoenicians Assyrian Rule Babylonian Rule and the Persian Empire Summary The Phoenicians http://www.rimbaud.freeserve.co.uk/lebanon_phonecia.htm

Lebanon's History Phoenician Beginnings The Phoenicians Assyrian Rule Babylonian Rule and the Persian Empire Summary The Phoenicians The area now known as Lebanon first appeared in recorded history around 3000 B.C. as a group of coastal cities and a heavily forested hinterland. It was inhabited by the Canaanites, a Semitic people, whom the Greeks called "Phoenicians" because of the purple (phoinikies) dye they sold. These early inhabitants referred to themselves as "men of Sidon" or the like, according to their city of origin, and called the country "Lebanon." Because of the nature of the country and its location, the Phoenicians turned to the sea, where they engaged in trade and navigation. Each of the coastal cities was an independent kingdom noted for the special activities of its inhabitants. Tyre and Sidon were important maritime and trade centers; Gubla (later known as Byblos and now as Jbail) and Berytus (present-day Beirut) were trade and religious centers. Gubla was the first Phoenician city to trade actively with Egypt and the pharaohs of the Old Kingdom (2686-2181 B.C.), exporting cedar, olive oil, and wine, while importing gold and other products from the Nile Valley. Before the end of the seventeenth century B.C., Lebanese Egyptian relations were interrupted when the Hyksos, a nomadic Semitic people, conquered Egypt. After about three decades of Hyksos rule (1600-1570 B.C.), Ahmose I (1570-45 B.C.), a Theban prince, launched the Egyptian liberation war. Opposition to the Hyksos increased, reaching a peak during the reign of the pharaoh Thutmose III (1490-36 B.C.), who invaded Syria, put an end to Hyksos domination, and incorporated Lebanon into the Egyptian Empire.

48. MapZones.com History lebanon, history, Back to Top. lebanon’s coastal plain is dividedinto several isolated sections by gorges, which are cut by streams http://www.mapzones.com/world/middle_east/lebanon/historyindex.php

Country Info Lebanon Introduction Lebanon General Data Lebanon Maps Lebanon Culture ... Lebanon Time and Date Lebanon History Back to Top Lebanon’s coastal plain is divided into several isolated sections by gorges, which are cut by streams that pour down the mountains in winter and spring. In ancient times, north-south movement along the plain was nearly impossible. Villages developed on larger sections of the plain, and those with good harbors and better agricultural areas evolved into the city-states of Phoenicia. These cities then used the Mediterranean Sea to communicate and trade with one another and beyond the coastal plain. Due to geographical and other barriers, however, Phoenicia never unified politically. Later, mountainous areas provided protection for groups seeking refuge, but these groups, too, were isolated and did not form a unified nation. The evidence of tools found in caves along the coast of Lebanon shows that the area was inhabited from the Paleolithic through the Neolithic periods. Village life followed the domestication of plants and animals, with Byblos apparently taking the lead. At this site also appear the first traces in Lebanon of pottery and metallurgy by the 4th millennium BC. The Phoenicians, indistinguishable from the Canaanites of Palestine, probably arrived in the land that became Phoenicia in about 3000 BC. Herodotus and other Classical writers preserve a tradition that they came from the coast of the Erythraean Sea, but in fact nothing certain is known of their original homeland.

49. The Official City Of Lebanon, Ohio Web Site Official site providing history, calendar of events, government, business, and community information. http://www.ci.lebanon.oh.us/

City of Lebanon, Ohio! Are you new to Lebanon or in need of information about city utilities and services? Call for information. Click here for your 2002 Tax Forms Quick Navigation Cable TV Geographic IS Electricity Internet Service Telephone Water Service City Council Fire Division Police Division IT Department Contact Us Feedback Form Newsletter Projects Events Employment Lebanon History Home Select destination... Lebanon lies midway between Interstates 75 and 71, approximately 30 miles north of Cincinnati, 30 miles south of Dayton, and is the heart of Warren County, which is the second fastest growing County in the State of Ohio. It originally began as a stagecoach stop on the route between then Losantiville, and on to Xenia, Ohio. From there the stage proceeded to Columbus, the State Capitol. Lebanon is a city of approximately 17,000 and currently comprises approximately 11.9 square miles. It is ideally located near three interstate highways, allowing rapid delivery and ease of transportation between other major cities, yet retains a quaint colonial look to its thriving downtown area. It is supported by an excellent school system and reasonable taxes and utility rates. This makes Lebanon an ideal place to live, thrive, and raise a family. Take a moment and use our web site to get to know us a little better.

50. World Travel Guide - Lebanon - History And Government World Travel Guide lebanon - history Government - includes informationon the constitution and politics. WORLDTRAVELGUIDE.NET, http://www.travel-guide.com/data/lbn/lbn580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/MiddleEast/Lebanon/HistoryandGovernment'; WORLD TRAVEL GUIDE .NET GUIDES World Travel Guide World City Guide World Airport Guide World Cruise Guide ... World Weather TOOLS Holiday Brochures Mini Guide Online Bookstore World Clock ... Reservations APPENDICES How to Use This Guide Health Disabled Travellers Buddhism ... Travel Warnings LANGUAGES Deutsch Dutch Español Français ... Lebanon History and Government History: The 1996 elections returned Hariri to continue as premier and the ex-Amal guerrilla leader, Nabih Berri, as speaker of the assembly. The original division of responsibilities between president and premier, which saw President Hrawi take charge of foreign policy while Prime Minister Rafik Hariri looked after the reconstruction programme, was also confirmed. That division has remained ever since and much of the country, and Beirut in particular, has recovered to something near its pre-war condition. Hariri relinquished his job in 1998, and at the same time Hrawi was replaced by Jamil Lahad as president. However Hariri, now a dominant figure in Lebanese politics, was reinstated in 2000 following the most recent poll which saw 17 parties share the 128 national Assembly seats. Relations with Israel have deteriorated in the last two years. There have been occasional outbreaks of fighting between Hezbollah guerrillas based in the south of the country and Israeli forces. In September 2002 the two governments became immersed in a serious argument about the allocation of water resources, one of the most sensitive issues in the region. Urgent US mediation has calmed the situation for the time being.

51. Lebanon : History Of Lebanon history of lebanon. Suggest a Site Advanced Search, A short history of lebanon./ The Phoenicians, see lords of Antiquity / Major Religious Sects. http://www.zwyx.org/directory/Regional/Middle-East/Lebanon/History_of_Lebanon/

THE-LEBANON.com YOUR INTERNET GUIDE TO LEBANON HOME NEWS: Lebanon NEWS: Middle-East WEB DIRECTORY NEWS SOURCES COUNTRY STUDIES HISTORY RELIGIONS POLITICS TOURISM BUSINESS LEBANESE FOOD MAP OF LEBANON USEFUL PHONE Nos LEBANON FLAG LEBANON ANTHEM ABOUT US WEB SITE DIRECTORY - Sites ogranized by subject Main Regional Middle-East Lebanon History of Lebanon Suggest a Site Advanced Search Lebanon Lebanon + Middle-East this category only the entire ZWYX directory Categories: Lebanese Civil War Links: A Concise History of Lebanon - http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/900/902/Kamal-Salibi/ A chapter from 'A House of Many Mansions - The History of Lebanon Reconsidered', by Kamal Salibi. A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia and the Phoenicians - http://phoenicia.org/ BBC - A Chronology of Key Events - http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/819200.stm A chronology of events in the history of Lebanon in the 20th century. National Alliance of Lebanese Americans - http://www.nala.com/lebanon/ Who are the Lebanese? / A short history of Lebanon. / The Phoenicians, see lords of Antiquity / Major Religious Sects. Powered by ZWYX.org

52. Lebanon's History http://www.ghazi.de/history.html

You need a browser, which supports frames. Sorry!!

53. Lebanon's History lebanon's history. lebanon is the historical home of the Phoenicians,Semitic traders whose maritime culture flourished there for http://www.ghazi.de/historyt.html

Lebanon's History Lebanon is the historical home of the Phoenicians, Semitic traders whose maritime culture flourished there for more than 2,000 years (c. 2700-450 B.C.). In later centuries, Lebanon's mountains were a refuge for Christians, and Crusaders established several strongholds there. Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five Ottoman provinces that had comprised present-day Lebanon were mandated to France by the League of Nations. The country gained independence in 1943, and French troops were withdrawn in 1946. Choose the time frame you would like to learn more about: Phoenician Beginnings Greek and Roman Periods Medieval Lebanon Ottoman Period ... Index © 1997-2001 by Ayman Ghazi ayman@ghazi.de Last changes: September 30, 1997

54. Embassy Of Japan/Links To Lebanon/History Heinrich Schiffmann, Historische Photographien Libanon. World HistoryArchives, lebanon. A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia. Back Ambassador. http://www.lb.emb-japan.go.jp/history.htm

The Embassy of Japan in Lebanon Home Page Ambassador Bilateral Relations Trade with Japan Grassroots Grant ... Home History Zeno of Sidon, A Mathematician Cedars in the Bible A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia Lebanon @ Bibo's If you want to learn Phoenician ... Home

55. Lebanon (History) - Was A Response To The Nationalist Aspirations Of The Predomi lebanon (history) was administered by France, under a League of Nations mandate,until independence was declared. arab search engines. lebanon history. http://www.arab.de/arabinfo/lebanonhis.htm

Home page Arab Info Lebanon Info Lebanon Government ... Links to Lebanon Lebanon - History The new state was a response to the nationalist aspirations of the predominant Christian population in the area, but it included territories traditionally considered to be part of Syria, with largely Muslim populations. Lebanon was administered by France, under a League of Nations mandate, from 1920 until independence was declared on 26 Nov. 1941. A republic was established in 1943, and full autonomy was granted in January 1944. After the establishment of Israel in 1948, and during the Arab-Israeli wars, thousands of Palestinians fled to Lebanon, where most of them were housed in refugee camps in the south of the country. Following the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, military training centres for Palestinian guerrilla fighters were established in the camps. From 1968 the fedayin ("martyrs"), as the guerrillas were known, began making raids into Israel, provoking retaliatory attacks by Israeli forces against targets in southern Lebanon. In March 1978 a raid by forces of the Palestine National Liberation Movement (Al-Fatah), the main guerrilla group within the PLO, provoked retaliatory action by Israel, whose forces advanced into southern Lebanon.

56. The History Of The Ancient Near East Brief historical overviews and photographs of Israel, Iraq, Egypt, Turkey, Syria, lebanon, Jordan, Cyprus, Bahrain and Iran (Persia). http://www.geocities.com/ancientneareast/

Website has Moved ..... The History of the Ancient Near East Electronic Compendium has moved ..... If you are not instantly transported to the appropriate page click on the address below http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/index.html

57. 1st UMC - Lebanon - History the McKendree College Centennial history, 1828, which quotes an old quarterly conferencerecord, a Methodist preaching place was established in lebanon in 1823 http://www.lebanonmethodist.org/history.htm

Home Page Welcome Sunday School Music ... How to find us History Youth Email List Feedback Email History M. E. CHURCH ERECTED 1868 BURNED 1898 REBUILT 1898 The cornerstone of the First United Church of Lebanon, 603 West St Louis St., Lebanon, Il, bears the above inscription. Construction of the first building at this location was begun in 1867, and the church was dedicated in 1872. Methodism in Lebanon, however, pre-dates 1868 by at least 45 years. According to the McKendree College Centennial History, 1828, which quotes an old quarterly conference record, a Methodist preaching place was established in Lebanon in 1823. In 1852 the Methodists built their first building in Lebanon, a brick structure costing $7,500. A fire in Dec. 1860 left the congregation again without a home of its own, and meetings were held for the most part in McKendree's new chapel until 1867. A new building was opened in 1868 on our present location. Membership at that time was about 200. This tall-spired church building also burned on Sunday morning, April 3, 1898. Plans were made immediately for a new building which was quickly constructed at a cost of $10,000 and was dedicated, debt free, on Sunday, Dec. 4, 1898. The Methodist congregation in Lebanon continues to worship in a building that is now over 100 years old. The perseverance and faith of our forefathers has made this church a "Family of God" looking forward to an everlasting presence in our city of Lebanon.

58. SPECIAL OLYMPICS LEBANON // History Founding the Special Olympics in lebanon. In 1989 Mr Mohamad Naser foundedthe Lebanese Special Olympics. Mohamad Naser is a Lebanese http://www.specialolympicslb.com/history.html

M E N A Opening Program Schedule Participants Scores Special Olympics International Our History Our Philosophy Our Program Our Sports ... Related Sites Founding the Special Olympics in Lebanon In 1989 Mr Mohamad Naser founded the Lebanese Special Olympics. Mohamad Naser is a Lebanese and International Champion in track and field games and has been so for many years. He started working with persons suffering from mental disorder as well as physical handicaps, upon the request of the United Nations in Lebanon, by training these latter for track and field games. In order to organize a sports day for them after the training period, he traveled to the United States asking for names of associations caring for special sports. He met Lady Shriver who admired his sport and organizational skills, so she encouraged him to found and launch the Special Olympics.  History Our Goals Previous Events Contact Us ... Home

59. Welcome To LebanonCT.org Information on the town's history, government, education, and calendar of events. http://www.lebanonct.org/

Our Town History of Lebanon Historic Sites Visitor Services ... Home "Heartbeat of the Revolution" The Town is looking for volunteers interested in getting our Farmers Market up and running. Call the First Selectman's Office for additional information. (860) 642-6100 The tranquil little community of Lebanon, Connecticut is one of New England's best kept secrets. A mile in length, the Lebanon Green is one of the largest in New England still retains cultural and natural features that have changed little since the 18th century. Lebanon is one of the 25 towns included in the Quinebaug-Shetucket Rivers Valley National Heritage Corridor. This beautiful corridor, created in 1994, is recognized as one of the last unspoiled and undeveloped areas in the Northeastern United States. Please check back often. Our new Web Page Development Team will update this site regularly. If you have any specific questions or comments for town officials, please contact the First Selectman 's Office at (860) 642-6100 or by e-mail.

60. FOCUS On LEBANON - History Welcome to the 'Focus on the World' Online Magazine's pages on lebanon. This pageis about the history of lebanon. lebanon Icon history of lebanon. http://www.focusmm.com/lebanon/lb_hist.htm

HISTORY of LEBANON T he first written artifacts from the ancient Lebanon tell us about the first known occupants of the land, Phoenicians. As long as 5000 years ago, people known also as Canaanites of the Bible were living here. Ancient Greeks called them Phoenicians. They were living in cities like Byblos, Sidon and Tyre and involving with commercial and maritime activities. These three cities were among the most important port-cities of the ancient times. Tyre was considered to be the most important of the Phoenician city-states. The ancient people of the city built a business empire nearly 3000 years ago. They founded Carthage in the 9th century B.C. and reached the Straits of Gibraltar. They colonized part of Cyprus, Rhodes and the Aegean Islands. They founded Tashish, a great commercial colony, on the coast of Spain. After reaching most remote parts of the Mediterranean region, they sailed around Africa. Starting from the Gulf of Aqaba they returned to Egypt. E gyptian domination of the Phoenician cities started in about 1500 B.C. and continued for many centuries. Only there was a period during which the Hittites, an Indo-European civilization from Anatolia, dominated the areas covering Syria and Lebanon. After a short period the Egyptians took over the control of Lebanon again. A s the Egyptian domination ceased to exist, Phoenicia enjoyed a period of independence. This was interrupted by the Assryians. This Assryian domination was very brutal. The relative prosperity came back only after the Persian king Cyrus' conquering of Phoenicia in 538 B.C. The Phoenician fleet became a major weapon in the hands of Persian kings to conquer the rest of the Mediterranean region during the following centuries.

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