21. Current Bibliography, Vol. 43, No. 1 'Listening to the Voices of indigenous peoples ' On Traditional of Tradition inMali. africa Today 44 (4 and Action in african Music kpelle Performance in http://www.indiana.edu/~ethmusic/publications/ographies/cb/cb_43_1.html

Current Bibliography, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Winter 1999) Compiled by Jennifer C. Post General Africa Americas Europe ... Acknowledgements GENERAL Adamo, Giorgio. 1994. "First Notes on a Psychoanalytic Approach to the Functions of Music." In For Gerhard Kubik: Festschrift on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday , ed ited by V. Dehoux et al, 247-67. Paris: Peeters. Bibliog., facsims. , edited by V. Dehoux et al, 211-21. Paris: Peeters. Bibliog. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Musikwissenschaft. 1996. "'Austria aroun' wi, but Africa inna wi'. Die afrikanische Musikszene in Wien - beobachtbare Tendenzen anhand einer ersten Standortbestimmung." In Echo der Vielfalt - Echoes of Diversity For Gerhard Kubik: Festschrift on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday Bauman, Max Peter. 1996. "'Listening to the Voices of Indigenous Peoples...': On Traditional Music as Policy in Intercultural Encounters." In Echo der Vielfalt - Echoes of Diversity For Gerhard Kubik: Festschrift on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday Bertini, Gary. 1995. "La joie Simha." In , edited by V. Dehoux et al, 25-31. Paris: Peeters.

22. Cultivating Peace: Chapter 1. Conflict Management article oversimplified the Liberian kpelle moot system One more example, this timefrom africa. spaces for dialogue among indigenous peoples, intellectuals, and http://www.idrc.ca/books/899/101cheva.htm

idrc home Cultivating Peace Chapter 1. Conflict management find help home Concept: Culture Conflict management: A heterocultural perspective Jacques M. Chevalier and Daniel Buckles Boomerang anthropology Institute: Are you familiar with the literature and experiments in the field of CBNRM? Anthropologist: Institute: Well, could you help us develop research questions that deal with some of the cultural dimensions of CBNRM? Anthropologist: Institute: We think that CBNRM is a good thing, minus the acronym perhaps. For many years, we have supported research and development on means to enhance community-based natural resource management. The basic premise of much of this work is that access to relevant knowledge about resource management options combined with more inclusive decision-making processes can contribute to more equitable and more sustainable natural resource management. Anthropologist: Sounds fine. Where does anthropology fit in? Institute: Anthropologist: Institute: What do you mean?

23. Loma Bibliography Translate this page 1968 The indigenous Scripts of West africa and Surinam the Traditional Arts and Craftsof the kpelle, Gbande, Loma Reed F. 1986 Mande-Speaking peoples of West http://voom.si.edu/leopold/loma_bibliography.htm

Loma Bibliography Compiled by Robert Leopold, Smithsonian Institution Adam, J. Akoi, Stephen and Karl-Heinz Hasselmann 1975 Youth and Environment: A Liberian Case Study on Food and Nutrition in Buzzi-Quarter, Monrovia. (Occasional Research Paper 9). Monrovia: Department of Geography, University of Liberia. Amachree, Igolima T. D. 1971 "Detribalization" and Urban Residence: A study of Some Liberian Urban Dwellers. Liberian Research Association Journal 3(2): 1-13. Ammann, P. D. 1954a Charades et devinettes du pays toma. (Catholic) Missions 4: 63. 1954b Enterrement d'un chef au pays toma. (Catholic) Missions 4: 59. 1954c L'huile rouge. (Catholic) Missions 4: 62. 1954d Les Toma et leurs noms de famille. (Catholic) Missions 4: 60-61. Anderson, Benjamin 1971 Narrative of a Journey to Musardu, the Capital of the Western Mandingoes (together with) Narrative of the Expedition Dispatched to Musahdu, by the Liberian Government under Benjamin J. K. Anderson, Senior, Esq. in 1874. [New edition, with a new introduction by Dr. Humphrey Fisher.] London: Frank Cass and Co. Ltd. Anon.

24. New Perspectives In Ethnomusicology: A Critical Survey Translate this page at Third World musical cultures, in africa, the Americas in the International Yearof indigenous peoples?, The World of Music Event among the kpelle of Liberia. http://www.sibetrans.com/trans/trans1/porter.htm

Revista Transcultural de Música Transcultural Music Review New Perspectives in Ethnomusicology: A Critical Survey James Porter RESUMEN Aunque la idea de una etnomusicología realmente amplia en sus concepciones, que incluyera aproximaciones sociológicas, y cuyo campo de estudio fuera toda la música del mundo, de cualquier época, es antigua, no ha sido hasta la década de los '80 cuando se ha realizado. La relativización de las influencias de la semiótica o la antropología y su contextualización en el conjunto de otras aproximaciones -de la hermenéutica, el posmodernismo o el mismo folklore- que también contribuyeron a su desarrollo, ha sido determinante para ello. Pero también otros fenómenos de dimensiones internacionales que se han producido en los últimos años, como las migraciones a gran escala, la world-music, o el mosaico cultural de las grandes urbes. Los términos "folk" o "popular" han quedado obsoletos para designar los idiomas locales que se han desarrollado de manera espectacular, y se proponen otros, como el término "vernacular", para sustituirlos. Los estudios sobre música "culta" occidental comienzan a aparecer en la disciplina; se amplían las connotaciones sociales y la dimensión experiencial de la performance; aparecen trabajos sobre cognición y percepción, y se desarrollan las aplicaciones informáticas. Todo ello cierra la época en que se hablaba de musicología histórica, musicología sistemática y etnomusicología como disciplinas separadas.

25. Vol1_no10.htm festival celebrating a victory over the indigenous peoples in 1822 rehearse the dancesof the Gola, kpelle and Kru Liberia wants to be accepted in africa as an http://www.republicofliberia.com/vol1_no10.htm

IT'S OUR RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT THE CHILDREN by T. Q. Harris A MESSAGE TO THE YOUTH OF LIBERIA THE LOST GENERATION by Jackson Kanneh WAR, WOE LAY WASTE TO LIBERIA by John Balzar ... A REVOLUTION OR JUST ANOTHER COUP? by Sanford J. Ungar IT'S OUR RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT THE CHILDREN by T. Q. Harris The Holiday Season is again upon us. Another year has come and gone, making us a year older. Streaks of gray have begun to embellish our crown. For some of us, firmness in the middle has become impossible in spite of the healthy diet and strenuous exercise. The distance from the starting point is growing larger; hence, the distance to the finish line is approaching rapidly. The daunting realities of Life are beginning to overwhelm us, suddenly, there seems to be more questions than answers. Do not despair, the answers to these seemingly complex questions are all around us. They reside with our CHILDREN the repositories of our dreams, our values, and our hope our extension into the vastness of time and space. Each child represents the bridge between our past and the future; hence, empowering the children is a wise long-term investment. Since the Grinch stole Christmas from the children of Liberia nine years ago, life has been difficult and meaningless for everyone. Our children have been robbed of their innocence and relegated to some of the worst conditions ever chronicled. There is no need to enumerate the sufferings of the Liberian children in the recent past; you are aware of them as well as anyone else who uttered the word "Liberia" in the past decade. The question is, what have you done to correct the injustices perpetrated against the helpless and defenseless amongst us? What have you done to ensure that your dreams, your values and your hope are carried over into the future?

26. The Page Cannot Be Found them the Gio, Mano, Loma, Bandi, Mende, and kpelle. In return, the indigenous peoplesreceived European firearms, knives holder planned to go to africa) cost $30 http://www.africana.com/Articles/tt_902.htm

Seems like there's been some kind of error. The link that brought you here is malfunctioning. The content you wish to view may have moved to another area of the site or may no longer be available. Apologies for the inconvenience. Let's try again!

27. Bibliography Of Indigenous Knowledge And InstitutionsWORKSHOP RESEARCH LIBRARY I Resource Values on indigenous peoples Are Nonmarket Valuation Resource Values on indigenous peoples Are Nonmarket Valuation Water Management in East africa.". african Affairs http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/wsl/indigbib.html

WORKSHOP RESEARCH LIBRARY Indigenous Knowledge and Institutions (2100 citations) Compiled by Charlotte Hess November 21, 2001 Abay, Fetien, Mitiku Haile, and Ann Waters-Bayer 1999. "Dynamics in IK: Innovation in Land Husbandry in Ethiopia." Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor Abbink, John. 1993. "Ethnic Conflict in the 'Tribal Zone': the Dizi and Suri in Southern Sudan." The Journal of Modern African Studies Acharya, Bipin Kumar. 1994. "Nature Cure and Indigenous Healing Practices in Nepal: A Medical Anthropological Perspective." In Anthropology of Nepal: Peoples, Problems, and Processes . M. Allen, ed. Kathmandu, Nepal: Mandala Book Point. Acheson, James M. 1994. "Transaction Costs and Business Strategies in a Mexican Indian Pueblo." In Anthropology and Institutional Economics . J. Acheson, ed. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. (Monographs in Economic Anthropology, no. 12). Acheson, James M. 1990. "The Management of Common Property in a Mexican Indian Pueblo." Presented at "Designing Sustainability on the Commons," the first annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Duke University, Durham, NC, September 27-30, 1990. Acres, B. D. 1984. "Local Farmers' Experience of Soils Combined with Reconnaissance Soil Survey for Land Use Planning: An Example from Tanzania."

28. The Page Cannot Be Found Hausa, one of the two most common indigenous languages of are spoken by the Khoikhoiand San peoples of southern are Mende in Sierra Leone and kpelle in Liberia http://www.africana.com/Articles/tt_162.htm

Seems like there's been some kind of error. The link that brought you here is malfunctioning. The content you wish to view may have moved to another area of the site or may no longer be available. Apologies for the inconvenience. Let's try again!

29. Liberia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 These include the kpelle, the Mano, the Bassa between the Europeans colonizing WestAfrica and the investment and to allow the indigenous peoples a greater say http://www.bartleby.com/65/li/Liberia.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia See also: Liberia Factbook PREVIOUS NEXT CONTENTS ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Liberia (l b KEY Monrovia is the capital, largest city, main port, and commercial center.

30. Ajepong Syllabus including kinship, family and marriage, indigenous political systems Arabs, Mossi,Yatenga, Kru, kpelle, Wangara, Bambara the vocabulary of the peoples of Sub http://cehd.ewu.edu/faculty/ntodd/GhanaUDLP/Adjepong.html

VC Sam Adjepong at wheat harvest in Harrington, Washington, August 1996 ELEMENTS OF AFRICAN CULTURE by Professor Samuel Kwasi Adjepong Vice Chancellor, University of Cape Coast Course Description: An opportunity to explore the great African continent. The concept "African culture" will be defined and delineated. The major characteristics of African culture will be outlined, including: kinship, family and marriage, indigenous political systems and traditional economic patterns and belief systems. Students will learn how agents of social change such as industrialization, colonial rule, education, urbanization and Christianity have shaped African culture. The status of women in contemporary African society will also be explored. I. INTRODUCTION 1. The myth of the "homogenous" African culture; the reality of cultural pluralism in Africa. 2. Africa in Historical perspective (a) Misconceptions and distortions about African past. (b) Africa in antiquity - ancient cultures and civilizations. Note: Africa has been a dynamic partner in civilization. The earliest civilization (OLDUVAI CIVILIZATION) more than 2000 years ago, has been found near Tanganyika. Africa is the cradle of humanity. (i) Egypt: the art of writing Kush: irrigation technology Axum: astronomy Moroe: geometry and medicine Moroe: the invention of paper Moroe: the pyramids Moroe: the mummification of the dead Ancient Egyptians were black. Egypt was founded by people from the south of Africa. Most names of Pharaoh's were Ethiopian.

31. Guinea spoken by over 2.5 million; kpelle, Guinea, spoken Most of the indigenous peoplesspeak their own languages. the first Marxist state in africa under president http://www.fcbh.org/africanamerican/InternationalMissions/guinea.htm

for Faith Comes By Hearing Area: 94,925 sq. mi. (245,860 sq. km) Capital and largest city (1995 est.): Conakry, 1,508,000 Population (2000 est.): 7,466,200 (average annual rate of natural increase: 2.2%); birth rate: 40.1/1000; infant mortality rate: 131/1000; density per sq. mi.: 79 Ethnicity/race: Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller tribes 10% International Missions - Active Countries GUINEA The west African country of Guinea is slightly smaller than Oregon. Guinea is home to nearly 7.5 million people. French is the official language, and 24% of the population is literate in French. About 48% of the people are literate in local languages. Native languages include Malinké, Susu, and Fulani. There are approximately 29 total languages spoken in Guinea. There are currently four Faith Comes By Hearing New Testament recordings requested for Guinea. These are Fuuta Jalon (Pular), spoken by over 2.5 million; Kpelle, Guinea, spoken by 308,000; Maninka, spoken by 1.8 million; and Susu spoken by 800,000 people in Guinea. All of these projects are awaiting funding.

32. Liberia Ethnicity/race indigenous African tribes 95% (including kpelle larger ethnic groupsinclude the kpelle, the Mano ethnic groups the Mande, Kwa, and Mel peoples. http://www.fcbh.org/africanamerican/InternationalMissions/liberia.htm

for Faith Comes By Hearing Area: 43,000 sq. mi. (111,370 sq. km) Capital and largest city (1993 est.): Monrovia, 1,000,000 Population (2000 est.): 3,164,156 (average annual rate of natural increase: 3.06%); birth rate: 47.2/1000; infant mortality rate: 134.6/1000; density per sq. mi.: 74 Ethnicity/race: indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella), Americo-Liberians 5% (descendants of former slaves) International Missions - Active Countries LIBERIA The west African country of Liberia is about the size of Tennessee. Liberia is home to over 3.1 million people. About 40% of the population is literate. English is the official language of Liberia, and numerous tribal dialects are spoken. There are about 34 languages in Liberia. A Faith Comes By Hearing dramatized New Testament recording is in process for Kisi (Southern) language, spoken by 115,000 people in Liberia. Recordings have been requested for a number of other languages in Liberia:

33. Liberia Flag Description 11 Equal Horizontal Stripes Of Red ( Location Western africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Cote d'Ivoire Majorpeoples indigenous african tribes 95% (including kpelle, Bassa, Gio http://www.gateway-africa.com/countries/liberia.html

Liberia Flag description: 11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner; the design was based on the US flag Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone Geographic coordinates: 6 30 N, 9 30 W Climate: tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers Independence: 26 July 1847 Nationality: Liberian(s) Capital City: Monrovia Population: 3,164,156 (July 2000 est.) Head of State: President Charles Ghankay TAYLOR Area: 111,370 sq km Type of Government: republic Currency: 1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 cents Major peoples: indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5% (descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves) Religion: indigenous beliefs 40%, Christian 40%, Muslim 20%

34. Journal Of American Indian Education-Arizona State University in Europe, Asia Minor, and North africa and may be cultures, it has been found thatindigenous peoples are often 1967), in their study of the kpelle of Liberia http://jaie.asu.edu/v24/V24S3lan.html

Journal of American Indian Education Volume 24 Number 3 July 1985 LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND THE MATHEMATICS CONCEPTS OF AMERICAN INDIAN LEARNERS Duane E. Schindler and David M. Davison In cross-cultural mathematics teaching two critical factors are: the perceived utility of mathematics and the direct relationship of mathematics learning to language development. The authors review current literature in the field and report the results of their study of perceived utility of mathematics and technical language development in the Crow Indian language. Due to the international character of modern mathematics, its concepts may be transmitted, studied and developed in a variety of languages throughout the world. This development is as recent as this century. The language of modern mathematics is part of the continuum of technical language development that began in Europe in the seventeenth century. Modern mathematics also drew heavily on the ancient language stocks in Europe, Asia Minor, and North Africa and may be said to represent the cumulative technical language development of diverse peoples over thousands of years (Closs, 1977). Mathematics as a technical language is not, nor has it ever been, the exclusive domain of the English language. Researchers Closs (1977) and Green (1978) concluded that historians of mathematics have concentrated on the mainstream development of mathematics and have largely ignored mathematics "in cultures not directly contributing to it" (Closs, 1977, p. 1). However, Gay and Cole (1967), and Closs, presented studies of mathematics in other cultures that show separate development of mathematics in the cultures. Both studies noted the technical language indices of separate development due to cultural uses and perceived need. Closs noted that there is no comprehensive study of pre-Columbian mathematical development in the American continents.

35. Conakry Report People Group Facts from Operation World Electronic Version peoples Over 40 IndigenousMande 46% (11 MandeFu 11% (6). kpelle 308,000; Toma 144,000; Dan 71,000 http://africamissions.org/africa/conakry.htm

An On-Site Study of GUINEA and CONAKRY its Capital August 1995 Research Team: Eric Guild James Scudder Richard Chowning Purpose : study to the city of Conakry in order to evaluate its potential and need for church growth. Objectives: 1. Get a general understanding of the social make up of the city. 2. Interview all mission agencies and denominations to understand what they have done and how they view the Christian movement in Conakry and Guinea as a whole. 3. Test for receptivity. 4. Collect contact information. 5. Understand the present and historical church growth situation. 6. Ascertain logistical and living condition variables. 7. Make recommendation. 8. Get an overview of Guinea. An overview of Guinea Introduction Guinea is one of the most unreached countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The high percentage of Muslims and the persecution by a former regime made it a difficult field for church growth from 1960s through the 1980s. "Guinea understandably still has some of the worst church/mission statistics in West Africa" (Vanderaa, 1991). Guinea has not been a priority country for most missions, but a reevaluation is in order. There was a time in when the current President, Conte, wanted Guinea to be Muslim country. He is now very cooperative with Christians. His second wife is a Christian. Population Weather As much as one hundred and twenty inches of rain can fall in Conakry in one season. It rained every day we were in the country. It was humid. The Monsoon season does not wash away top soil or other valuable substances from the land. Conakry is built on a field of iron ore.

36. FAF - Preamble For example, the kpelle of Liberia had an informal dispute indigenous African Institutions. TheGovernmental Institutions of the Bantu peoples of Southern http://www.freeafrica.org/features6b.html

Home Features The Rule of Law and Economic Development in Africa Continue from Previous THE RULE OF LAW IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETY Though there is much diversity in the structures and complexities of African political systems, there is one fundamental underlying principle common to them which is often overlooked. As Vaughan (1986) stressed: Indigenous African states had courts to settle disputes and uphold individual and property rights within the community. Court hearings were open and any adult could attend them. Those present at court could air their opinions freely. The chief, who served as the judge, would weigh all viewpoints and reach a verdict. Bascom (1984) reported that, among the Yoruba, The Bale serves as the principal judge of the compound, presiding when disputes are brought before him, but cases are heard by all the elders and by any other members of the compound who may be present. If a titled chief lives in the compound, he is also responsible for settling disputes. A husband is responsible for settling quarrels within his own family; but if he is unsuccessful or if an argument involves members of two different families within the compound, it is referred to the Bale. Any cases which he cannot settle may be referred to the town chiefs, but every effort is made to reach a peaceful settlement within the compound (p.44). There were court systems in other West African societies, among the Fanti, the Asante, the Igbo and the Yoruba. Casely Hayford (1911) reported that:

37. Ch8.html other societies such as the kpelle children are conducted amongst other nonWesterntraditional peoples. and promote the maintenance of indigenous cultures and http://fehps.une.edu.au/f/s/edu/pNinnes/ma/ch8.html

Contents Abstract Acknowledgements Chapter 1 ... References Chapter 8 Conclusions Reflecting upon the findings described in the three previous chapters in the light of the literature reviewed in Chapters 2 and 3 on the learning systems of non-Western, traditionally-oriented people, the following conclusions can be drawn and comments made about learning strategies, learning systems, culturally influenced classroom interactions and the development of functional learning systems in non-Western classrooms. Learning Strategies This thesis has identified five main learning strategies commonly used by non-Western, traditionally-oriented people: observation, imitation, listening, participation and asking. Some of these are responses to conscious teaching strategies. For example, active imitation follows showing, and listening accompanies verbal instruction. Others such as observation, passive imitation, participation and asking occur simply and primarily as part of everyday existence. Amongst some Native American peoples, such as the Mistassini , observation precedes participation, and the extent of participation increases with age and competence (Sindell, 1972). In other cases, such as amongst the Navajo (Werner and Bergishe, 1968) and the Tubuaians (Levin, 1978), attainment of a high level of competence precedes public performance. With the exception of asking, all of these learning strategies are identified by authors writing about Australian Aboriginal people (Berndt and Berndt, 1977; Harris, 1980), Native Americans, (Eggan, 1963; Spindler, 1963; Werner and Bergishe, 1968; Cazden and John, 1971; John, 1972; Sindell, 1972; Philips, 1972, 1983), Tropical Africans (Fuchs, 1964; Gay and Cole, 1967; Bartels, 1975; Callaway, 1975; Dzobo, 1975; E. Bowen, 1984) and Polynesians (Levin, 1978; Ritchie and Ritchie, 1979). Asking is also found in Polynesian cultures, but questions are restricted to those seeking information whereas questions seeking reasons or motives are rare (Levin, 1978). Some groups actively discourage questioning, such as the Menomini (Spindler, 1963) and the Aborigines of Milingimbi (Harris, 1980).

38. Profile - Liberia The vast majority of the people of Liberia are indigenous Africans who groups; thelargest of these groups are the kpelle, Bassa, Gio, and Kru peoples. http://www.inadev.org/profile_-_liberia.htm

I INTRODUCTION Liberia , republic in western Africa, bounded on the north by Sierra Leone and Guinea, on the east by Côte d’Ivoire, and on the south and west by the Atlantic Ocean. Liberia has an area of 99,067 sq km (38,250 sq mi). Liberia was founded in the early 1800s by freed American slaves. Monrovia is the capital and largest city. II LAND AND RESOURCES The coast of Liberia extends 580 km (360 mi) from the Mano River in the west to the Cavalla River in the east. From a narrow, flat coastal belt the country rises in a series of ill-defined plateaus to a higher interior. The coastal strip, extending about 80 km (about 50 mi) inland, is virtually the only developed region. The interior is heavily forested; mountains reach elevations of about 900 to 1,200 m (about 3,000 to 4,000 ft). Many comparatively small rivers traverse the country. A Climate The climate of Liberia is equatorial and humid, particularly during the June to July and October to November rainy seasons. Annual rainfall varies from 2,240 mm (88 in) in the interior to 5,210 mm (205 in) along the coast. The average temperature in Monrovia is about 26° C (about 79° F) in January and 24° C (about 76° F) in July. B Plants and Animals The trees of Liberia’s extensive tropical forests include cotton, fig, mahogany, ironwood, and various kinds of palms, as well as rubber trees. Large numbers of pygmy hippopotamus are found, as well as chimpanzee, elephant, buffalo, and monkey.

39. NSM Country - Liberia - Overview at 8%. The Mande consists of kpelle with 487,000 on unwritten tribal practices forthe indigenous sector corruption and repression of the Mano and Gio peoples. http://www.strategicnetwork.org/index.asp?loc=ct&ct=LBR

40. Storytelling essential part of children’s traditional indigenous education on who raises thesong, as the kpelle say, and are called nyama by Mande peoples of Western http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/afrstory.htm

Humanities 211 Prof. Cora Agatucci 6 October 1998 African Storytelling: Oral Traditions "…it is only the story that can continue beyond the war and the warrior. It is the story that outlives the sound of war-drums and the exploits of brave fighters. It is the story...that saves our progeny from blundering like blind beggars into the spikes of the cactus fence. The story is our escort; without it, we are blind. Does the blind man own his escort? No, neither do we the story; rather it is the story that owns us and directs us." Chinua Achebe, Anthills of the Savannah "I will tell you something about stories....They aren't just entertainment... They are all we have...to fight off illness and death. You don't have anything if you don't have the stories." Leslie Marmon Silko, epigraph to Ceremony Africans revere good stories and storytellers, as do most peoples around the world who are rooted in oral cultures and traditions. Ancient writing traditions do exist on the African continent, but most Africans today, as in the past, are primarily oral peoples, and their art forms are oral rather than literary. In contrast to written "literature," African "orature" (to use Kenyan novelist and critic Ngugi wa Thiong’o's phrase) is orally composed and transmitted, and often created to be verbally and communally performed as an integral part of dance and music. The Oral Arts of Africa are rich and varied, developing with the beginnings of African cultures, and they remain living traditions that continue to evolve and flourish today.

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