41. Utah Legislature -- Bills Passed As Of 4/8/2003 2:34:33 PM As enrolled bills become available, they are linked to this list HB0024, Revisionsto Redevelopment Agency laws, Harper, W. 2/25/2002, 5/6/2002, GSIGN, 3/26/2002, 205. http://www.le.state.ut.us/asp/passedbills/passedbills.asp?session=2002gs

42. UniCAM Focus bills must receive a majority of votes in order to become laws, so legislatorsmust work with their colleagues to secure a bill’s passage. http://www.unicam.state.ne.us/focus/lesson7.htm

Lesson Seven: Legislators and Representation - Issue Complexity and Compromise Lesson Seven explores the effects of issue complexity and legislative compromise on legislative decision-making. Segment One explains to students the technical and complex nature of legislation, while Segment Two explores the role of bargaining and coalition-building in lawmaking. Glossary Terms Bargaining Specialist Compromise Statute ... Constitutionality Legislators, as we have learned, are often contacted by a number of constituents who seek to affect the decisions that they make about bills. The fact that constituents often have very different views about issues can make the decision-making process a difficult one. Lawmaking is an inherently controversial activity, as most issues have a number of different sides and may challenge the political, economic, or religious beliefs of a population. While a bill may be good for one group of citizens, another group may be hurt in the process. The complexity of legislative issues adds to the difficulty that many representatives already have in making decisions. To citizens, legislative decisions may seem like simple "yes" or "no" choices. However, legislative remedies to public problems are rarely simple. Before deciding to pass a law, legislators must understand the laws, or

43. Newlaw | House Of Parliament Occasionally old laws become outdated, and there is pressure on Sometimes new lawsare needed to ensure that Before bills are introduced into Parliament, there http://www.parliament.uk/works/newlaw.cfm

Search Advanced Search Updated 08/04/03 15:25 Home Glossary Index Contact Us ... Parliament Live section... Parliamentary Publications and Archives Site Map Bills Hansard Directories Judicial Work An Introduction to Parliament A to Z Index MAKING NEW LAW A draft law takes the form of a parliamentary bill. It must go through the necessary stages in both Houses of Parliament. The Queen must signify her approval, which is a formality. The Bill then becomes an Act and enters into force on the day the Bill receives the Royal Assent, unless the Act provides for other dates. Parliamentary stages of a Bill I Pressure Groups I Types of Bill I Delegated Legislation Why are new laws needed? The law undergoes constant reform in the courts as established principles are interpreted, clarified or reapplied to meet new circumstances. Occasionally old laws become outdated, and there is pressure on the Government to update the law. The Government may also wish to introduce new laws in line with its policies. During the late 1990s, for example, a series of Acts were passed in line with the Labour Government's programme for constitutional reform. Sometimes new laws are needed to ensure that the UK complies with International or European Law. The Human Rights Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 2000 are recent examples of this.

44. Bills And Laws Listed below are recent bills and laws that impact arms transfers and foreign militaryassistance. Key Note bills that have become law are in bold. http://www.fas.org/asmp/resources/billlaws.html

FAS Home ASMP Home Search About ASMP ... Resources Bills and Public Laws Recent Laws Congress Primary Laws and Regulations Laws Arms Export Control Act of 1976 (as amended): establishes procedures on sales and transfers of military equipment and related services Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 : provides for economic and military assistance to foreign governments Legislation of Foreign Relations Through 2001 (includes Arms Export Control Act, Foreign Assistance Act and several other pieces of legislation), July 2002 Arms Transfers Eligibility Criteria Index : provides links to specific passages in U.S. laws and international regimes that identify which countries are eligible to buy weapons and receive security assistance. Implementing Regulations International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) : the rules of operation used to control the import and export of defense articles and services. Export Administration Regulations : rules for the export of dual use (both civil and military) goods and technology Recent Legislation Listed below are recent bills and laws that impact arms transfers and foreign military assistance.

45. PCWorld.com - Feds Fail To Pass Child Porn Laws Feds Fail to Pass Child Porn laws Despite vows to crack down to crack down on Internetchild pornography, two proposed bills failed to become law this http://www.pcworld.com/news/article/0,aid,107414,00.asp

document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); Search for: Advanced Search Topics Tech/Industry Trends Industry News ... Proposed Feds Fail to Pass Child Porn Laws Despite vows to crack down, legislators couldn't agree on the definition of virtual child pornography. Michelle Madigan, Medill News Service Wednesday, November 27, 2002 WASHINGTON Despite efforts by senior members of both the House and Senate to crack down on Internet child pornography, two proposed bills failed to become law this year. This failure is largely due to disputes over the definition of virtual child pornography, which both bills targeted. Virtual child porn is made with morphed computer images and without real children. Advertisement document.write(''); "The proliferation of virtual pornography has enabled child pornographers to escape conviction by arguing that it is so difficult to distinguish the virtual child from the real one," says Anne Coughlin, a law professor at the University of Virginia School of Law. Trying Again Both bills were in response to a Supreme Court ruling that declared unconstitutional the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996, which made it a crime to spread "virtual" child pornography on the Internet. The court said the law's definition of virtual child porn was too broad.

46. Mission: Critical (Syllogism Exit Quiz) 5. Only bills that pass both the House and Senate become laws. Basedon that claim, which of the following reaches a valid conclusion? http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/itl/graphics/deduc/syllog-x.html

Exit Quiz for Syllogism 1. What can you conclude from the following argument? "Some American presidents were not elected and a popular mandate comes only from election." You can conclude nothing, because all American presidents have been elected. You can conclude that "Some American presidents had no popular mandate." You can conclude nothing, because the argument is invalid. You can conclude that "Some American presidents have had a popular mandate." 2. "None but the brave deserves the fair." Which of the following makes a valid argument with that premise? Akira is brave. Therefore, he is deserves the fair. Akira is not brave. Therefore, he is not fair. Akira deserves the fair. Therefore, he is brave. Akira does not deserve the fair. Therefore, he is not brave. 3. "All good jobs offer benefits and a chance for advancement, but many good jobs are impossible to obtain." Which of the following is a valid conclusion for that argument? Some jobs don't offer any benefits. Some benefits are possible to obtain. Not all benefits are impossible to obtain.

47. Press Release -- First Bills To Become Law In 106th Will Be Small Business Bills WASHINGTON, DC – Next week, Congress will send a series of smallbusiness bills to become the first laws of the 106th Congress. http://www.house.gov/smbiz/press/106th/1999/990319.htm

March 19, 1999 FIRST BILLS TO BECOME LAW WILL BE SMALL BUSINESS BILLS Small Business Top Priority of 106th Congress WASHINGTON, DC The bills include: Small Business Year 2000 Readiness Act (S. 314) . The bill establishes a loan program to cover the costs of Y2K compliance for small businesses. American businesses are likely to spend at least $50 billion fixing Y2K computer glitches. With only 41% of the small businesses surveyed by the National Federation of Independent Business taking action or planning to take action to address their potential Y2K problems, something must be done to make becoming Y2K compliant more affordable. The bill has passed the Senate and will be passed under the House suspension calendar on Tuesday, March 23. SBIC Technical Corrections Act (H.R. 68) and they have helped such notable small businesses grow into big businesses, including Staples, Inc. and Outback Steakhouse, Inc. The House passed the bill on February 2, and will be amended and voted on in the Senate and sent back to the House voted on under the suspension calendar on Tuesday, March 23. Microloan Technical Corrections Act (H.R. 440)

48. United States House Of Representatives - The Legislative Process indepth discussion and presentation of the overall process is available in how OurLaws Are Made Joint resolutions become law in the same manner as bills. http://www.house.gov/house/Tying_it_all.html

Home Committee Offices Leadership Offices Representative Offices ... Comments Search: "All Legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." (Article I, Section 1, of the United States Constitution The chief function of Congress is the making of laws. The legislative process comprises a number of steps, and much information is available from this page concerning the legislation introduced and considered in the 105th Congress. To help you understand the information and how it interrelates, a very brief overview of the legislative process within the House of Representatives is presented below. There are many aspects and variations of the process which are not addressed here. A much more in-depth discussion and presentation of the overall process is available in How Our Laws Are Made . Most of the information presented below was excerpted from that Congressional document. Forms of Congressional Action The work of Congress is initiated by the introduction of a proposal in one of four principal forms: the bill, the joint resolution, the concurrent resolution, and the simple resolution.

49. HRC PRAISES STATE ACTIVISTS FOR ADVANCING BILLS || Human Rights Campaign If these bills become laws, these states would join Hawaii, California, Vermont,New Hampshire, Wisconsin, Minnesota, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts http://www.hrc.org/newsreleases/2001/010329threestates.asp

Today is Search: You're in: News Releases HRC PRAISES STATE ACTIVISTS FOR ADVANCING BILLS THIS WEEK IN THREE STATES TO END DISCRIMINATION Progress in Maryland, Delaware and Illinois, Says HRC FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Thursday, March 29, 2001 WASHINGTON "This was a week that saw great progress due to the outstanding efforts of activists in Illinois, Maryland and Delaware," said HRC Field Director Seth Kilbourn. "We know it will be a tough road, but we hope that these legislatures will continue to stand up for equality and vote these bills into law." Maryland has the best chance of becoming the 12th state to ban anti-gay discrimination. The state Senate voted Tuesday for a measure to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, public accommodations and employment. With continued lobbying from Free State Justice, the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender statewide advocacy group, the House is also expected to pass the bill as early as this week. Gov. Parris Glendening, a major advocate of the Anti-Discrimination Act of 2001, will sign the bill into law if it reaches his desk. [Update: On March 30, the Maryland House of Delegates voted 88-50 to pass an identical version of the Senate's anti-discrimination bill. One chamber must now vote to pass the other's bill in order to move the measure to the governor’s desk. That vote is expected to occur during the first week of April.]

50. Province Of Manitoba Legislative Assembly prepared. bills are proposed laws. If passed by the Assembly and givenRoyal Assent, they become part of the law of the Province. http://www.gov.mb.ca/leg-asmb/info/laws.html

HOW LAWS ARE MADE LAWS, BILLS, ACTS AND STATUTES In order for the Legislative Assembly to enact a law, a Bill must be prepared. Bills are proposed laws. If passed by the Assembly and given Royal Assent, they become part of the law of the Province. Once part of provincial law, Bills are known as Acts or Statutes. NOTICE Notice of a Bill's intended introduction must appear in the Notice Paper two days prior to the introduction day. INTRODUCTION AND FIRST READING The Sponsor of a Bill (an MLA) moves that a Bill be read a first time and introduced in the House. The motion is not debatable, but the MLA may offer a brief explanation of the Bill's purpose. SECOND READING During this stage, the Bill is debated and either accepted or rejected. This is the most important stage, since adoption of a second reading motion means the Legislative Assembly approves the principle of the Bill. COMMITTEE STAGE A Bill passing Second Reading is referred to a Standing, or Special Committee (comprised of Members selected from each Party) or to a Committee of the Whole House (comprised of all Members.) Usually after consultation with Opposition House Leaders, the Government House Leader determines the Committee that will examine a Bill. Since the public has the opportunity to have direct input into the law making process, the committee stage is important. Members of the public may present oral and written submissions concerning proposed Bills. After the public has been heard from, the sponsor of the Bill and the Opposition Critics may make opening statements. The Committee then proceeds to a clause-by-clause consideration of the Bill. At this time, amendments may be proposed and considered.

51. Directory Of Bills, Laws, And Decisions From Free-Market.Net: The Freedom Networ States by the Constitution and the laws of the Browse 13 comprehensive educationalchoice bills, plus one v. Wade, which allowed abortion to become legal in http://www.free-market.net/directorybycategory/laws/

about map news channels ... find you are here: Free-Market.Net Find Directory by Category Bills, Laws, and Decisions Bills, Laws, and Decisions search get personal recommendations add a resource/link American Founding Fathers and Freedom in History ... Discrimination Against Women American Founding Fathers and Freedom in History Articles of Confederation Source: The Avalon Project Country: United States The first governing document for the newly independent United States. Click here for more American Founding Fathers and Freedom in History categories Secession, Nation-Building UN Security Council resolution 1397 Source: BBC Country: Israel On 12 March 2002, the United Nations Security Council adopted its first resolution explicitly calling for an Israeli and a Palestinian state "side by side" in the region. Fourteen Security Council members voted for, none against. Syria abstained. The full text of resolution number 1397 (2002) is provided by the BBC. (03/14/02) Click here for more Secession, Nation-Building categories Health and Welfare IN model vaccination notification bill Source: AAPS State: IN

52. Parliament@Work - Commonwealth Of Australia bills. If passed, Money bills become the laws which allow the governmentto collect taxes and spend money on policies and programs. http://www.parliament.curriculum.edu.au/comm.php3

Commonwealth How it all started Commonwealth symbols About Parliament Fact file ... Who's in charge? How it all started Australia did not always exist as a united nation. From 1788 until the 1850s Australia's six colonies were ruled by British governors. These governors had far-reaching powers and were responsible only to the British government. Not everyone was happy that one man - the governor - should have all the power to govern and make laws for the colony. From the 1820s colonists such as William Wentworth began to speak out against the power of the governors and campaigned for the introduction of representative government. From the 1850s the British Parliament began to grant the Australian colonies independent government with separate colonial parliaments elected by the people. During the late 1800s, many of the colonies' leading political figures began to argue for federation. They wanted the colonial governments to be united by a national government to form a single nation. The idea of creating a single national parliament was spurred on by issues such as immigration, defence, and a growing sense of national identity. During the 1890s a number of conventions were held to work out the details of the new system of government. In 1901 the six separate colonies were finally federated to form the Commonwealth of Australia.

53. Internet Privacy Advocates Alarmed Over Flood Of Laws Internet Privacy Advocates Alarmed Over Flood of laws It's still early in the congressionalyear, but as more bills are filed, time could become a prime http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/7425.html

Internet Privacy Advocates Alarmed Over Flood of Laws Send this Article Print this Article Talkback Related Stories By Daniel F. DeLong NewsFactor Network February 12, 2001 Internet privacy advocates are concerned that the flood of proposed legislation address their sponsors' narrow concerns, but not the issue as a whole. In This Story: A Baker's Dozen Cash-Starved Schools Contradictory Policy 'Use Information Against Them' ... Related Stories State and national government officials are scurrying to plug a growing number of holes that continue to worry Internet privacy advocates so many in fact, that some are beginning to worry that the sheer number of measures could become bogged down in debate and collapse before any can become law. In Michigan, Attorney General Jennifer Granholm has been working for three years to curb the use of cookies files that collect information commonly used by advertisers by Web companies that help pinpoint future marketing campaigns based on user activity. Over the past year, Granholm has threatened lawsuits against Doubleclick.com, a major online ad firm, and 13 other companies that she said are collecting information without telling users. A Baker's Dozen Granholm is also working with members of Congress, where at least a dozen bills dealing with the issue have been introduced or are waiting to be filed. But Granholm is so concerned that nothing will happen in Congress that she is working with other state attorneys general on the issue.

54. Article II-The Legislature bill or one codifying, revising, or rearranging existing laws. establish the procedurefor enactment of bills into law. No bill may become law unless it has http://www.gov.state.ak.us/ltgov/akcon/art02.html

Article II The Legislature SECTION 1. LEGISLATIVE POWER; MEMBERSHIP. The legislative power of the State is vested in a legislature consisting of a senate with a membership of twenty and a house of representatives with a membership of forty. SECTION 2. MEMBERS' QUALIFICATIONS. A member of the legislature shall be a qualified voter who has been a resident of Alaska for at least three years and of the district from which elected for at least one year, immediately preceding his filing for office. A senator shall be at least twenty-five years of age and a representative at least twenty-one years of age. SECTION 3. ELECTION AND TERMS. Legislators shall be elected at general elections. Their terms begin on the fourth Monday of the January following election unless otherwise provided by law. The term of representatives shall be two years, and the term of senators, four years. One-half of the senators shall be elected every two years. SECTION 4. VACANCIES. A vacancy in the legislature shall be filled for the unexpired term as provided by law. If no provision is made, the governor shall fill the vacancy by appointment. SECTION 5. DISQUALIFICATIONS. No legislator may hold any other office or position of profit under the United States or the State. During the term for which elected and for one year thereafter, no legislator may be nominated, elected, or appointed to any other office or position of profit which has been created, or the salary or emoluments of which have been increased, while he was a member. This section shall not prevent any person from seeking or holding the office of governor, secretary of state, or member of Congress. This section shall not apply to employment by or election to a constitutional convention.

55. Tracing California Legislation bills AND BILL STATUS. bills are drafts of laws which propose new laws or amendor repeal existing law. CHAPTERS (bills WHICH HAVE become LAW). http://www.library.ucsb.edu/guides/tracingcal.html

TRACING CALIFORNIA LEGISLATION Bills and Bill Status Floor Action Background and News Senate, Assembly, and Committee Roll Call Votes ... California Legislative Web Site BILLS AND BILL STATUS Bills are drafts of laws which propose new laws or amend or repeal existing law. INTERNET Bill information Text of bills, resolutions, and constitutional amendments, their status, history, votes, analyses, and veto messages. Search by keyword or author, or browse list of bills by session. PRINT Bills from the latest two years are in the Government Information Center: request them by year and bill number at the Service Desk. Older bills are available in the Statutes of California (Reference JK8708 C2) if they were chaptered (became law). To find bill numbers by subject Legislative Index . Reference, Calif. L450 L4i The current session's index is also on the web: Part 1 and Part 2, Tables of Sections Affected To find bill numbers by author, or To get a brief description of the bill , its status and history (including Governor's action) updated by: and: Assembly Final History Senate Final History Assembly Weekly History Senate Weekly History Assembly Daily History Senate Daily History Reference, Calif. L500 A1 H5a

56. Maryland General Assembly - Legislative Process EFFECTIVE DATE OF laws. All bills passed by the General Assembly become law whensigned by the Governor, or when passed over the Governor's veto by threefifths http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/mdmanual/07leg/html/proc.html

GENERAL ASSEMBLY THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS: HOW A BILL BECOMES A LAW Bills 1st Reading (introduction) 2nd Reading (committee report) 3rd Reading (floor vote) ... Legislative Process BILLS Ideas for bills (proposed laws) come from many sources: constituents, the Governor, government agencies, legislative committees, study commissions, special interest groups, lobbyists and professional associations, for example. Each bill, however, must be sponsored by a legislator. The State Constitution mandates that bills be limited to one subject clearly described by the title of the bill and be drafted in the style and form of the Annotated Code Const., Art. III, sec. 29 ). The one-subject limitation and the title requirement are safeguards against fraudulent legislation and allow legislators and constituents to monitor a bill's progress more easily. Omnibus bills, common in the U.S. Congress, clearly are forbidden under Maryland law. At the request of legislators, bills are drafted to meet constitutional standards by the Department of Legislative Services until July (the Department starts to receive drafting requests in mid-April, shortly after the session ends). In the interim between sessions, legislators meet in committees, task forces, and other groups to study and formulate bill proposals.

57. Missouri State Teachers Association 6 pm. 30, Adjournment. July. 14, Last Day for Governor to Sign bills.August. 28, bills become Effective as laws. September. 11, Veto SessionBegins. http://www.msta.org/calendar/index.asp?Cat_ID=53&Section_ID=6

58. Ukonline Youth Section reading The Bill that goes to Parliament for its first reading is what the Governmentwants Parliament to pass and become law. The bills and laws guide has http://younggov.ukonline.gov.uk/oee/youth.nsf/sections/howgovtworks/$file/bills2

Help Feedback About us Bookmark this site How govt. works Bills and laws Bills and laws 1 Bills and laws 2 Bills and laws 3 First reading The Bill that goes to Parliament for its first reading is what the Government wants Parliament to pass and become law. Government Bills can be introduced in the House of Commons or House of Lords (Parliament is divided into two chambers: the lower is the Commons and the upper is the Lords). Controversial Bills and the ones that are about money tend to go to the Commons first. At the First Reading in the Commons, the Bill is just introduced to MPs. They do not debate it in Parliament at this stage. The Bill then goes forward to the Second Reading.

59. HOUSE COMMITTEES JOINT COMMITTEES SENATE COMMITTEES H160 assigned by Congress. These numbers are assigned sequentially for eachCongress as the various bills become laws. The designation PL http://gateway.library.uiuc.edu/doc/classes/CISIndex/CISind/acnum.htm

CIS Accession Number Within the CIS/Index there are two major types of accession numbers used: those for Congressional publications and those for Public Laws. While the numbering system for Public Laws is the standard system used by Congress, the system employed by CIS to enumerate Congressional publications is unique to the CIS/Index. For an explanation and example of the numbering systems used by CIS for their indexing and abstracting, please select one of the following (to return to this list, please click on the colored bar): Congressional Publications Public Laws Congressional Publications The CIS accession number system is based on the premise that most Congressional publications fall into one of several types - documents, reports, committee prints, etc. A further premise is that most publications can be associated with a specific Congressional committee or office. The accession number assigned to a publication is therefore based on three factors: the publication type, the issuing body, and the sequential order in which the publication was produced. The accession number consists of a base three-character code which indicates the parent body and the committee office or special category which issued the document. The first character designates the parent body:

60. The Heartland Institute If you are interested in other educationrelated categories, besides just bills,laws, and Decisions, then browse the become a SchoolReformers.com member! http://www.schoolreformers.com/resources/bycategory/laws/

PUBLICATIONS Environment News Health Care News School Reform News The Heartlander ... Subscribe PRESS ROOM News Releases Opinion-Editorials FAQs Senior Fellows ... Policy Experts ISSUE SUITES Education Environment Health Care Smoker's Lounge ACTIVIST'S CENTER How to Use this Site About Heartland The Heartlander Heartland Store ... Subscribe HEARTLAND IS A MEMBER OF Alliance for America Better Business Bureau Corporate Responsibility Group Free-Market.net ... TownHall HEARTLAND INSTITUTE 19 South LaSalle Street Suite 903 Chicago, IL 60603 think@heartland.org HEARTLAND INSTITUTE Government schools are islands of socialism in a sea of competition and choice. Visit Heartland's School Reform Issue Suite to learn how choice and privatization would improve K-12 schools. Education Charter Schools Class Size Court Decisions Curriculum ... School Reform News View the contents of the latest issue of The Heartland Institute's School Reform News Heartland's School Reform Issue Suite Model legislation, research, and commentary on school choice issues including The Heartland Plan for Illinois, a model voucher proposal. Best Available Research Use the links at the left to read, download, or print the best free-market research and commentary on school reform.

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