61. Apple II History Museum - Computers - Lisa Home, intro the history what's new museum song parodies search downloads guestbookwatn? links email. © 1991-2003 by Steven Weyhrich. Museum. computers - Lisa. http://apple2history.org/museum/computers_lisa/computers_lisa.html

intro the history what's new museum ... e-mail Museum Computers - Lisa Images of another one of Apple's orphans, the Lisa computer. Click on an image to enlarge Lisa system Lisa Lisa logo Lisa startup disk selection Lisa startup screen Lisa hard disk window Lisa system preferences setup Lisa desktop in action Contents Museum Advertisements Articles Books Books: Manuals ... Computers: Custom Computers: Lisa Computers: Prototypes Magazines Miscellaneous Peripheral Cards, Apple ... Software: Misc Credits The Apple II History is brought to you as a service of foreThought.net , providers of internet services for the value-minded business.

62. Apple II History Museum - Computers computers Apple II RAM array . The Apple II history is brought to you as a serviceof foreThought.net, providers of internet services for the valueminded http://apple2history.org/museum/computers/a2ram.html

intro the history what's new museum ... Next Museum Computers: "Apple II RAM array" This photo shows the arrangement of RAM chips in the original Apple II Standard. Notice the ROM chips on the top row, representing the Monitor (F8), Integer BASIC (F0, E8, E0), and utilities such as the Programmer's Aid #1 (D8 and D0). The first Apple II systems often shipped with only 16K RAM, since getting a fully populated 48K RAM computer was considerably more expensive. In this picture there appear to be a full complement of RAM chips. Picture courtesy of Scot Krayenhagen Credits The Apple II History is brought to you as a service of foreThought.net , providers of internet services for the value-minded business.

63. Welcome To OLD-COMPUTERS.COM ! An online museum with photographs, articles, and a collectors club with a forum and chat.Category Recreation Collecting computers...... DEC, IBM, BULL, etc.), computers from the East, Japan or South America, etc. Weare also looking for an historian who will administrate our history section. http://www.old-computers.com/

Tell a Friend Rate this Page Search Olivetti Model 006A - Monday 7th April - IBM RT (6150) added - Saturday 5th April - Husky Hawks added - Thursday 3rd April - JVC HC-95 added - Wednesday 2nd April - Micronique Hector XT added - Wednesday 2nd April - Ohio Scientific Superboard II added - Tuesday 1st April - Sanyo PHC-30 added - Tuesday 1st April - Casio PV-16 added - Tuesday 1st April - Sanyo Wavy 10 April 2003 M T W T F S S Subscribe by entering your email address In order to improve our information and become the biggest ressource for classic hardware (computers, videogame systems and pongs), we are looking for experts in different subjects, including: videogame systems, MSX, pocket computers, S-100 based systems, mini-computers (DEC, IBM, BULL, etc.), computers from the East, Japan or South America, etc. We are also looking for an historian who will administrate our HISTORY section. The goal is to work as a community of experts , to be more efficient and accurate as the data-base will grow. If you feel you can join us in this adventure, contact us at webmaster@old-computers.com

64. Compspace.html Administration. Office of Policy and Plans. NASA history Office. NASAContractor Report 182505. computers in Spaceflight. The NASA Experience. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/computers/Compspace.html

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Policy and Plans NASA History Office NASA Contractor Report 182505 Computers in Spaceflight The NASA Experience James E. Tomayko Wichita State University Wichita, Kansas CONTRACT NASW-3714 March 1988 Table of Contents Note: this document should be available in hard copy, with photographs, in late February 1998 from NASA's Center for Aerospace Information (CASI). Contact CASI at 800 Elkridge Landing Road, Linthicum Heights, MD 21090, 301-621-0100 or email at help@sti.nasa.gov. Updated: January 7, 1998 For further information contact: Roger D.Launius, NASA Chief Historian roger.launius@hq.nasa.gov Steve Garber, NASA History Office steve.garber@hq.nasa.gov HTML work: Chris Gamble

65. 3 A Brief History Of Computer Technology The evolution of digital computing is often divided into generations. Each generation is characterized Category Society history Science Engineering and Technology...... previous generation in the technology used to build computers, the internal The followinghistory has been organized using these widely recognized generations http://csep1.phy.ornl.gov/ov/node8.html

Next: 3.1 The Mechanical Era Up: OV Chapter Previous: 2 Computational Science Computer 3 A Brief History of Computer Technology The evolution of digital computing is often divided into generations . Each generation is characterized by dramatic improvements over the previous generation in the technology used to build computers, the internal organization of computer systems, and programming languages. Although not usually associated with computer generations, there has been a steady improvement in algorithms, including algorithms used in computational science. The following history has been organized using these widely recognized generations as mileposts. 3.1 The Mechanical Era (1623-1945) 3.2 First Generation Electronic Computers (1937-1953) 3.3 Second Generation (1954-1962) 3.4 Third Generation (1963-1972) ... 3.7 Sixth Generation (1990 - ) verena@csep1.phy.ornl.gov

66. Eniac's 50th Anniversary: The Birth Of The Information Age -- A Short History Of Today it is impossible to think of a world without computers or to imagine that thishas been the case more often than not throughout history, throughout the http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/v42/n18/eniac.html

A Short History of the Second American Revolution by Dilys Winegrad and Atsushi Akera (1) ENIAC was by no means the first computer. In 1839, an Englishman Charles Babbage designed and developed the first true mechanical digital computer, which he described as a "difference engine," for solving mathematical problems including simple differential equations. He was assisted in his work by a woman mathematician, Ada Countess Lovelace, a member of the aristocracy and the daughter of Lord Byron. They worked out the mathematics of mechanical computation, which, in turn, led Babbage to design the more ambitious analytical engine. This machine, which was never built, encompassed many principles of computer operation that have been rediscovered with newer machines a full century later. ENIAC was not the first electronic computing device either. By the early 1930s, physicists were already using radiation counters, which employed vacuum tubes as did the ENIAC, and several laboratories before the Moore School had produced devices known as ring counters, which could count from one to ten. In the later 1930s and early '40s, at least three separate efforts to use electronic circuitry to address the problem of computation were made by John Atanasoff, British Intelligence, and IBM. Between 1937 and 1941, John Atanasoff, who taught physics at Iowa State College and had an interest in the general problem of high-speed computation, set out to design a specialized machine that could solve a complex system of linear equations. The Atanasoff-Berry Computer, developed with substantial contributions from his graduate student Clifford Berry, was close to, if not fully operational by 1941.

67. MEL: History Of The Internet A variety of documents about the history of the Internet and WWW.Category computers Internet history Lists of Sources...... .. The Internet and computers. history of the Internet. BCK2SKOL's Hostoryof the Internet; A Brief history of the Internet; An Early history of Lynx; http://mel.lib.mi.us/internet/INET-history.html

Michigan.gov Home HAL Home MeL Internet MeL Magazines and eBooks The Internet and Computers Technical Support Resources Virus Information Michigan Technology Online Safety History of the Internet BCK2SKOL's Hostory of the Internet A Brief History of the Internet An Early History of Lynx The History of Computing Project ... History of Internet and WWW from View from Internet Valley Hobbes' Internet Timeline Internet History from Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia A Little History of the World Wide Web One Digital Day Short History of the Internet by Bruce Sterling Selector and Collection Librarian: Patty Curthoys ( curthoys@mel.org This service is funded in part by the State of Michigan through the Library of Michigan Additional project support comes from the federal Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) via the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) http://mel.org/internet/INET-history.html This page was last modified:01/14/03 Michigan.gov Home HAL Home MeL Internet MeL Magazines and eBooks ... Security Policy

68. About Acorn Computers And ARM Processors Includes an introduction, history, hardware and software details, photographs, and screenshots of the RISC OS operating system. http://home.in.tum.de/~atterer/acorn.html

For latest news, try the Acorn Cybervillage , one of the Acorn-related newsgroups (for example comp.sys.acorn.advocacy ), or the websites of Element 14 (formerly known as Acorn) and Advanced RISC Machines (ARM). Many of the JPEGs are only thumbnails - click on a picture to view it full size. All of this must be regarded as my personal view. Other people may have different thoughts about Acorn and their products! If you think that some of the information on this page is wrong, I'd be glad if you told me. Contents: Information about Acorn Computers Introduction - some advertising, a little about the company's history Hardware - details about old and new prototypes which were never produced Software - a small market, but good quality Operating system - RISC OS had a task bar before Windoze, look at the screenshots Information about Advanced RISC Machines On a separate page ARM's way - copy of an article which appeared in Electronics Weekly Introduction "Acorn? Never heard about it... and why should I bother?" I am perfectly aware that your computer and your OS are far better than what I will be talking about - but if you learn a little about Acorn, you might find that even though the system really can be considered exotic, it is well-planned with consistent design and some clever details which aren't present in any other OS.

69. Untitled history, 1978 1994. 1978 SPRINT business service is inaugurated. 1978Total computers in use in the US exceed a half million units. http://www.cyberstreet.com/hcs/museum/chron.htm

A Chronology of Computer History: 3000 BC: Dust abacus is invented, probably in Babylonia. 1800 BC: Babylonian mathematician develops algorithms to resolve numerical problems. 500 BC: Bead and wire abacus originates in Egypt. 200 AD: Saun-pan computing tray is used in China; soroban computing tray used in Japan. 1000: Gerbert of Aurillac or Pope Sylvester II devises a more efficient abacus. 1617: Scottish inventor John Napier uses bones to demonstrate division by subtraction and multiplication by addition. 1622: William Oughtred develops the slide rule in England. 1624: Wilhelm Schickard builds first four-function calculator-clock at the University of Heidelberg. 1642: Blaise Pascal builds the first numerical calculating machine in Paris. 1673: Gottfried Leibniz builds a mechanical calculating machine that multiplies, divides, adds and subtracts. 1780: American Benjamin Franklin discovers electricity. 1805: Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents perforated card for use on his loom. 1822: In England Charles Babbage designs a Difference Engine to calculate logarithms, but the machine is never built.

70. Mind Machine Museum A collection of information and illustrations on the subjects of computers, calculators and games .Category computers history References...... million Cray Research Supercomputing history. Calculators, computers,and video games are all hightech tools of the mind. Teachers http://online.sfsu.edu/~hl/mmm.html

Mind Machine Museum a virtual museum and gallery of vintage computers First in collection......the original control console for the first supercomputer, the CDC 6600....date: 1964 manufacturer: Control Data Corporation....serial number: 0002 designer: Seymour Cray....original cost of computer: $6 million Cray Research Supercomputing History C alculators, computers, and video games are all high-tech tools of the mind. Teachers may find students fascinated by early examples and willing to engage in high-tech archaeological "digs" in their local community. These artifacts, combined with their disks and cartridges, may be disassembled and analyzed, restored and displayed or operated as functioning unitsan archaeological, technology challenge that gives students a historical perspective about the computer revolution, both its software and hardware. Traditional antiques are at least 100 years old, but given the rapid, unprecedented changes in microcomputers, game machines, and calculators, any such product that is 10 or more years old might be considered antique. This website is an attempt to create a web museum of many of these amazing artifacts of the twentieth century that I have owned. The following list provides links to illustrations to each model, original prices (when known), and basic specifications. Please note that most of this collection is located elsewhere, and

71. History Of Computing Science: Table Of Contents history of Computing Logo, computers From the Past to the Present Table ofContents Last modified January 3, 2003 ©19942003 by Michelle A. Hoyle. http://www.eingang.org/Lecture/toc.html

Table of Contents The Shamanistic Tradition Stonehenge: A Primitive Calendar Stonehenge Sites The Abacus: A Primitive Calculator The Forefathers of Computing Science Pascal's Pascaline Calculator Blaise Pascal The Difference Engine ... Servers and Clients Use your "back" button to return to your original slide. Computers: From the Past to the Present Table of Contents: Last modified January 3, 2003 1994-2003 by Michelle A. Hoyle

72. WebQeust:The History Of Computing Stonehenge this site contains biographical information and pictures.history of Computing/The Abacus electronic computers made simple. http://www.plainfield.k12.in.us/hschool/webq/webq80/

What Were The First Computers Like? Could this be one? You are a member of a group of historians from a large university. The Dean of the History Department has assigned the department the task of investigating the history of computing. Every member of the History Department will be involved in the task. Groups will be assigned and each group will have a goal of discovering and presenting information about a person, an event, or a thing that made or was a significant contribution to the history of computing. Groups will consist of two or three members and will be determined by "luck of the draw." The Task Dr. Historybuff has assigned members of his department to research and report on significant contributors/ contributions to the evolution of computing. To help expand the understanding of the history of computing, the professor has asked you to select from the following choices: Charles Babbage Ada Lovelace The abacus John Atanasoff John Mauchly Blaise Pascal Dr. John Von Neumann Jacquard's Loom Joseph Leibnitz Stonehenge Herman Hollerith Each group is to choose three of the above and examine their importance and how they might be linked to each other.

73. My History With Computers My history With computers. OLevel Computer Science. Our school ranwhat we were told was the first ever O-Level (an exam taken at http://www.mooremvp.freeserve.co.uk/Author/myhist.htm

My History With Computers O-Level Computer Science Our school ran what we were told was the first ever O-Level (an exam taken at 16 years of age) in Yorkshire in Computer Science, from 1973 to 1975. With a syllabus in CESIL (ICL assembler) and BASIC, and your work being batch processed. It was slooooooooooow. Results took days to come back. It was dull. There was no A-level, I had to do one afternoon a week at technical college for that : and it was also deeply uninspiring. During O and A-levels I hung out with two bunchs of folks, one photography-related, and the other a gang of fellow Doobie Brothers fans who nowadays would be called nerds, but in those days - the mid seventies - the word hadn't been heard of in England. It so happened that they used to hang out in the library (shades of Buffy), because that was when the school added an old teletype terminal (see left) connected to the ICL 1906 timesharing system which belonged to the local authority, running the George operating system. By the way, the device on the side of the ASR is a combined paper tape punch and reader unit.

74. Technical History Of Acorn (Version 0.6 Beta) A list of significant events and releases in the history of Acorn, with details of each.Category computers Systems Acorn......A technical history of Acorn computers (Version 0.6 Beta). These pagescontain a fairly brief technical history of Acorn computers. http://www.mcmordie.co.uk/acornhistory/acornhistory.shtml

A technical history of Acorn Computers (Version 0.6 Beta) These pages contain a fairly brief technical history of Acorn Computers. I have decided to focus on the technology because that is where my interests lie. Only very major non-technical events in Acorn's history have been included. If anyone finds any inaccuracies in the following pages please contact me using the link at the bottom of the page, including a correction if possible. Note that the information on these pages is not an offical history of Acorn's computers and has no official support from Acorn Computers. These pages are under construction. I'm very busy at the moment, but I'm trying to sort these pages out as quickly as possible. Timeline Year Month Event December Acorn formed by Chris Curry and Herman Hauser. March System One launched. 1979 to 1980 Systems Two, Three and Four launched. System Five launched. Acorn Atom launched. November BBC Micro Models A and B launched. August Acorn Electron launched BBC Model B+ launched. Acorn Business Machine range launched, including Acorn Cambridge Workstation. January BBC Master 128 launched.

75. Digital Web Magazine - Book Review: Computers: An Illustrated History Though many of the photographs are welcome reminders of the recent historyof computers, the book itself is not designed to be read as a history. http://www.digital-web.com/reviews/book/bookreview_2002-08b.shtml

The web designer's online magazine of choice. Home Search Sitemap Contact ... About Computers: An Illustrated History By James McNally Overall, Taschen has missed an opportunity to preserve a fascinating period of history. Though many of the photographs are welcome reminders of the recent history of computers, the book itself is not designed to be read as a history. Rather, it is a coffee table book of mixed quality. Perhaps one of the American publishers could take up the challenge of producing a top-notch history accompanied by some beautiful photographs. New Riders, are you listening? Computers: An Illustrated History by Christian Wurster US$50 James McNally is a Toronto based freelance writer and web designer. He is desperately clawing his way back into a new media career. His personal weblog is at http://www.consolationchamps.com/ contribute works send feedback report problems ... Digital Web Magazine Daily What's New Articles Features Tutorials Interviews Columns Wide Open IAnything Goes Keep it Simple $ and Sense of IT Reviews Book Reviews Product Reviews Miscellaneous Resources Profiles Please donate as little as $1 to help keep Digital Web Magazine free and the independent spirit alive.

76. Short History Of Argonne Computer Research Argonne history. computers AVIDAC to Virtual Reality. Today, Argonne scientistscan solve computational problems once considered unsolvable. http://www.anl.gov/OPA/frontiers96arch/comphist.html

Argonne Home Page Frontiers ... Suggestions Argonne History Computers: AVIDAC to Virtual Reality T oday, Argonne scientists can solve computational problems once considered unsolvable. They can "walk into" experiments in a computerized virtual reality environment where they can see, hear and manipulate information with a mouse-like control wand. The computer's development as with reactor technology was sped by defense needs during World War II. ENIAC, containing 18,000 vacuum tubes, was built at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946 and was soon used by Argonne researchers to solve ballistic trajectory problems. Two years later, the discovery of the transistor inaugurated an industrial revolution and made possible construction of powerful computers. It was not until 1951, however, that the first commercial transistor-driven computer, UNIVAC , was introduced for use in business and science. Digital to Analog AVIDAC , Argonne's first digital computer, began operation in January 1953. It was built by the Physics Division for $250,000. (Click the image to see a larger version of the photo.) High-Speed Machines By the early 1960s, Argonne was one of the biggest computing centers in the Midwest. Its high-speed computers were used for design calculations to help determine reactor design and for data analysis to interpret experiments by measuring physical properties important, for example, in determining the effects of small amounts of radiation in the human body. The computers allowed physicists, biologists and chemists to compare experimental results and test them against the validity of theoretical models.

77. Intur.net New and used computer systems. http://www.halfprice.com/

Welcome to intur.net The Best Internet Connection... Period Our customers enjoy direct connections to the 9 largest Internet backbones. Intermedia and more. What does that mean to our customers? FAST... It means they get to everything on the Internet faster than you do! RELIABLE... It means they don't get excuses about a "routing problem" on the Internet, or that "it must be the server on the far end that is slow" from their ISP. VALUE... It means they get what they pay for. It means you should call today! DSL Service Level Agreement Services

78. Homepage W/ Frames Hardware, software, networking and consulting. Microsoft Certified Professional. Web page design. http://www.csc-computers.com

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79. SOUTHGATE COMPUTERS Computer store, components and systems. http://www.southgatecomputers.com

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80. Modern Computers - Your Computer Store Offers a range of computer systems, notebooks and related products with special offers section. http://www.moderncomputers.com/

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