41. Speech: One Country, Two Monetary Systems assent to any Bill affecting the currency of the 7. Furthermore, the economics ofthe whole situation example, that the financial and monetary systems of Hong http://www.info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/speeches/speechs/joseph/speech_220997b.htm

Group of Thirty International Banking Seminar ONE COUNTRY, TWO MONETARY SYSTEMS by Joseph Yam, JP Chief Executive Hong Kong Monetary Authority There has been much skepticism about the practicality of this principle ever since it was first laid down by the late Deng Xiaoping for dealing with the question about Hong Kong. This is understandable. Afterall, it involves an untried concept. It goes beyond traditional understanding of what goes on in one country. And so it takes time for anyone to appreciate just how appropriate this principle is under the circumstances. This is not made easy when there is so much focus and great expectation, particularly amongst the international financial community, on what is going on in Europe, where one is talking about, by contrast, the creation of one common system for many countries. I suppose there can be many cynical replies to this question. Words are just words and promises are just promises. And we have to accept that with all the good intentions in the world one must wait and see whether the words and promises will be kept. I believe they will, for afterall they do have legal effect. The Basic Law was promulgated by the National People's Congress in 1990. The principle of "one country, two systems" has been written into China's Constitution and become a long-term irreversible national policy.

42. EconDebates - Comparative Economics Systems Comparative economics systems. Will the European monetary Union Succeed experimentin which national currencies will be replaced by a common currency (called the http://www.swcollege.com/bef/policy_debates/econ_debates_comp_systems.html

EconDebates Online EconDebates Online keeps you informed on today's most crucial economics policy debates. Each EconDebate, created by John Kane SUNY-Oswego ), provides a primer on the issues and links to background information and current, in-depth commentaries from experts around the world. Review the brief introductions and, for EconDebates of interest, select the full debate. Comparative Economics Systems Title Introduction Are Economic Sanctions Effective in Altering a Country's Actions? Full Debate Economic sanctions have often been used by the U.S. and other countries in attempts to alter the behavior of the target countries. These sanctions typically include general or selective trade embargoes, restrictions on foreign investment, and restriction on travel to and from the affected country. What are the pros and cons of IMF involvement with global economies? Full Debate A new international monetary system was adopted as a result of the Bretton Woods conference of 1944. Under this new monetary system, the value of the U.S. dollar was fixed in terms of gold and all other currencies were assigned exchange values in terms of either gold or the U.S. dollar. The U.S. agreed to maintain the value of the dollar at $35 per ounce of gold; other countries agreed to maintain the exchange value of their currencies within one percent of the target exchange rates. Under this system, countries could alter their exchange rates only with the consent of the other IMF members.

43. UK.SearchEngine.com - Finds It Fast! weights and measures and argues against fiat monetary systems. into new larger portrait currency, and taking closer look at the economics behind globalization http://uk.searchengine.com/Top/Society/Issues/Economic/Money_Supply/

Home Top Society Issues ... Economic > Money Supply ADULT CARS SHOPPING FINANCE ... American Monetary Institute - A foundation dedicated to the study of monetary history, monetary theory and monetary reform. Foundation for the Advancement of Monetary Education - A non-profit group that advocates honest monetary weights and measures and argues against fiat monetary systems. The Money Is No Good - An alternative view examining the role of money, reassessing the workmanship that goes into new "larger portrait" currency, and taking a closer look at the economics behind globalization. National Organization for the Repeal of the Federal Reserve Act - A national organization for the repeal of the federal reserve act and the internal revenue code. Gold, Paper, or...: Is There a Better Money? - Policy Analysis from the Cato Institute by David Friedman that evaluates the monetary alternatives that face all societies. Money Facts - This 1964 report by the House Committee on Banking and Currency contains a very readable explanation of the politics of money and interest rates. Grandfather Inflation Report - by MWHodges - Inflation - who says it's dead? 86% erosion of purchasing power - and continuing - a dollar in 1950 will buy only 14 cents worth of goods today, 86% less than before.

44. HIBO - Hrvatski Institut Za Bankarstvo I Osiguranje HANKE monetary Stability for economics in Transition ŠONJE Leading Indicatorsof currency and Banking ROBERT A. MUNDELL monetary systems from Constantine http://www.hibo.hr/publikacije.html

Periodièna izdanja Knjige Periodièna izdanja Hrvatski institut za bankarstvo i osiguranje je izdavaè èasopisa "The Zagreb Journal Of Economics" koji se tiska dva puta godi¹nje na engleskom jeziku. Prvi broj èasopisa je iza¹ao u sijeènju 1997. godine i do sada je objavljeno 8 brojeva. Glavni urednici su prof. dr. Robert Mundell, dobitnik Nobelove nagrade za ekonomiju 1999.g i prof. dr. Mate Babiæ. Urednièki odbor èasopisa èine domaæi i strani ekonomski struènjaci i znanstvenici. Iznosimo pregled naslova objavljenih èlanaka: BROJ 1 BROJ 2 • ROBERT A. MUNDELL: "The International Adjustment Mechanism Balance of Payments" • KYLE BAGWELL, ROBERT STAIGER: "Reciprocity" • EDMUND PHELPS: "Macroeconomics and Unemployment"

45. Transaction Net Electronic Currency: Economic Theory On The Net of and commentary on Soft currency economics, Full Employment Roth's Game Theory andExperimental economics page. monetary property and its induced value lack http://www.transaction.net/econ/theory.html

How Money Systems Work Publications Payment Methods Glossary of Terms ... The Money Conference Transaction Net features Enabling Markets Online San FranZiskGo! Web Conferencing How Money Systems Work Doing Business Online Create Your Own Currency Spin Doctor's Web Design 101 Online Payment Methods About Transaction Net Pick Up Tix: Ticket-Service Exchange "the Internet and the Future of Money" "Internet Currencies for Virtual Communities" Economic Theory on the Internet Business Models Econometrics Interact ... Security Theory Theoretical Approaches Mark Jackson's " The Problem of Over-Accumulation " (in the International Journal of Community Currency Research ) addresses the possible effects of perceived scarcity in LETSystems Bernard Lietaer asserts in " Community Currencies: A New Tool for the XXIst Century " that money should not serve as a store of value (or a mark of citizenship or instrument for speculation) but rather solely as a measure of value and medium of exchange, and that demurrage charges (also known as "negative interest rates", modeled after Gesell's stamp scrip)on both negative and positive account balanceswill discourage both hoarding and long-term borrowing of credit, and thus evade the potential problem Jackson described. We invite you to join our discussion of demurrage and other money mechanisms in The Money Conference (new participants sign up here The Heterodox Economics Archive includes discussions on Post-Keynesian Thought, Ecological Economics, and other topics.

46. FURTHER READING at the Stockholm School of economics and currently The International monetary Fundhas a number of distinguish between currency boards and currency boardlike http://users.erols.com/kurrency/further.htm

FURTHER READING ON CURRENCY BOARDS, DOLLARIZATION, AND RELATED TOPICS Printed material on currency boards / Online material on currency boards / Web sites of currency boards and currency board-like systems / Printed material on dollarization / Online material on dollarization / Web sites of monetary authorities in dollarized countries / The International Monetary Stability Act / Material on other topics of interest After you have viewed this site, here are some suggestions for further reading on currency boards, dollarization, and related topics. Check your local university library for the printed material, or order through an online bookseller . The list is limited to what I consider the best recent material. The most important material is in books; the Internet has not yet replaced the library. I welcome suggestions for material to add to the list. Printed material on currency boards For a long list, see the currency board bibliography compiled by Matt Sekerke and me. Here's a short list: Steve H. Hanke, Lars Jonung, and Kurt Schuler, Russian Currency and Finance: A Currency Board Approach to Reform. London: Routledge, 1993, 222 pages. The most thorough recent work on currency boards. Discusses in some detail how to solve problems that may arise in a former socialist country establishing a currency board. An appendix contains a listing of historical episodes of currency boards. You can buy it from me, cheap.

47. Dynamic Directory - Science - Social Sciences - Economics - Financial Economics Top ScienceSocial SciencesEconomicsFinancial EconomicsCurrency and MoneyAlternative monetary systems (9) http://www.maximumedge.com/cgi/dir/index.cgi/Science/Social_Sciences/Economics/F

var AdLoaded = false; var bsid = '18707'; var bsads = '6'; var bsloc = ''; var bswx = 468; var bshx = 60; var bsw = '_top'; var bsb = 'FFFFFF'; var bsf = '000000'; var bsalt = 'off'; MaximumEdge.com Search E-Mail News ... Maps Dynamic Directory Top Science Social Sciences Economics ... Currency and Money :Alternative Monetary Systems Categories Web Pages Local Currency Systems See also: Business: International Business and Trade: Barter Barter - Links to sources of information on barter and a brief account of its history and contemporary relevance. e-gold - Electronic currencies backed by gold, silver, platinum and palladium. Payment system allows transfer of small quantities of metal; site also has extensive statistics on holdings and transactions. International Journal of Community Currency Research - Online journal for the emerging community currency field. James Gibb Stuart - Author of books on monetary reform offers writings and musings. Local and Interest-Free Currencies, Social Credit and Informal Credit Systems - Links to information sources on LETS, local community currencies, interest free money, social credit, and alternative monetary systems. Money Team - Alternative Money Systems - This NCN Alternative Money System team was created to collect information on what schemes already exist, to discuss the prospects of doing away with money systems and using a resource-based system instead, and ways of financing new civilization projects, implementing experimental and schemes.

48. Monetary History, The Present & Future Of Money Provides essays and links to resources on monetary history, types and politics of money, alternative Category Science Social Sciences currency and Money...... and Informal Credit systems Alternative monetary systems in an The Internet and EconomicsThe information economy including personal finance, currency codes and http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/money.html

Information on Monetary History, Contemporary Developments, and Electronic Money Monetary History History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day An annotated chronology and essays on various topics based on the standard work on the subject by Glyn Davies Other Sources on Monetary History A collection of links. Current Value of Old Money Information about changes in the value of money Forms of Money Numismatics Coins and paper money. (Links) E-money Electronic money, the money of the future? Also includes an FAQ. (Links) Who's Who in Bowie Bonds Politics of Money Money facts and Money Controversies How the system works and contentious issues. (Links) Libertarian views on Money Should governments really control money? (Links) The Euro - Europe's single common currency Monetary union, its progress and prospects. (Links) Financial Scandals Financial Scandals Homepage Barings, BCCI, Enron and other high-profile cases, political corruption, money laundering, the mafia, bankers behaving badly, etc. Money and Banking in Fiction Financial Thrillers by Linda Davies Details of the novels of the former investment banker (and sister of the maintainer of this site!).

49. Untitled for currency Boards?, book by John Williamson of the Institute for InternationalEconomics, centrist think currency Quality and monetary systems in 155 http://patriot.net/~bernkopf/c-boards.html

Mark Bernkopf's Central Banking Resource Center Currency Boards Note : The American monetary economist Kurt Schuler is developing Currency Boards , the Internet's only Web site devoted exclusively to that subject. The site is essential for anyone with a serious interest in currency boards. Dr. Schuler is a strong supporter of currency boards; his fellow "evangelicals" include Steven H. Hanke, consultant and Forbes columnist; Sir Alan Walters, former personal economic adviser to Prime Minister Thatcher; and Lars Jonung of the Stockholm School of Economics. "Currency Boards: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?" by Richard W. Judy, Economic Reform Today , Banking and Financial Reform, 1995, No. 1, Center for International Private Enterprise, Washington, D.C. Richard Judy is with the Hudson Institute in Indianapolis. Economic Reform Today is published by the Center for International Private Enterprise, an affiliate of the United States Chamber of Commerce. "An Idea Gaining Currency

50. Table Of Contents International economics, Robert A. Mundell, New York Macmillan, 1968 the Number ofCurrencies and currency Areas 182 The Appropriate Use of monetary and Fiscal http://www.columbia.edu/~ram15/ie/ietoc.html

Homepage International Economics , Robert A. Mundell, New York: Macmillan, 1968, pp. vii-xi. Contents Preface Part I: The Theory of Exchange Chapter 1. The Classical System 3 Analytical Procedure The Method of Comparative Statics The Free-Trade Model Conditions of Stability Price and Income Effects Chapter 2. Transfers, Productivity, and Taxes 17 The Transfer Problem Productivity Changes Taxes and Subsidies on Trade Commodity Taxes Other Mechanisms of Adjustment Summary Chapter 3. Generalization of the Classical Model 43 Productivity Changes Tariff Changes Consumption and Production Tax Changes Unilateral Payments Comparison of Two-Country and Multiple Country Models Chapter 4. Tariff Preferences and the Terms of Trade 54 A Geometric Model of Three Countries The Basic Proposition Zone of Mutual Improvement Conclusions and Qualifications Appendix: The N-Country Case Chapter 5. A Geometry of Transport Costs in International Trade Theory 65 The Geometry The F.O.B. and C.I.F. Terms of Trade The Transfer Problem The Optimum Tariff Real Factor Returns Concluding Remarks Chapter 6. International Trade and Factor Mobility 85

51. Eco-Village Resources - Economics : LETS, Local Currencies Return to economics Resources. How to establish an alternative currency SOCS TheAlternative Economy monetary Reform Magazine monetary Reform ON-Line is the http://www.geocities.com/cmhensch/resource/econ-lets.html

ECONOMICS : LETS / LOCAL CURRENCIES Return to Eco-Village Resources - Main Page Return to Economics Resources LETS Local Currencies Software for LETS ... Books on money and alternative currencies MONEY Transaction Net A comprehensive site that explains how money works. Creating Community Currency The difference between money and real wealth. How to establish an alternative currency - SOCS The Alternative Economy Systems Report. New Money for healty communities The pinnacle of power in today's world is the power to issue money. If that power can be democratized and focused in a direction which gives social and ecological concerns top priority, then there may yet be hope for saving the world. Stable Money Network This is the website of the New Zealand registered charity aiming to support the development of complementary money systems that are interest and inflation free. Strohalm's Links to Economic Change a very comprehensive list of resources! Local and Interest-Free Currencies, Social Credit and Microcredit This page of links to resources on microcredit systems, local and interest-free currencies is one of a number of pages on Money - Past, Present and Future maintained by Roy Davies. Payment mechanisms designed for the Internet This is a collection of links and pointers to existing payment schemes that were designed for, or are in use on, the Internet.

52. Index. Essay On Currency, Market And Society. The currency question. Chapter 5. TELEMATICS. Definitions. Responsibilizationof all monetary act in the productiveutilitarian society. economics. http://chalaux.org/ammsukin.htm

Home Essay on currency, market and society (ammsuk.zip) Essay on currency, market and society Magdalena Grau Figueras. Index Foreword first edition Foreword second edition Presentation Part I. Towards a rational monetary system Introduction The monetary system: a metric system Chapter 1. THE MONETARY SYSTEMS First level: actual goods ... The present alternative Part II. Immediate possibilities of the monetary reform Introduction Chapter 6. THE JUSTICIAL ORGAN Justice, the custodian of the monetary archive Independence of Justice ... Operative definitions Part III. Foundations of a new, libertarian, social order Introduction The most suitable instrument Ethical inspiration Structure of Part Three ... Phenomenal liberties and noumenal liberty Part IV. A work hypothesis on the market Introduction Chapter 20. WORDING OF THE HYPOTHESIS General wording Explanation ... Home

53. Telematic Currency And Market Strategy. Telematic currency and market strategy. Legislative suggestions on the monetary transition. Thischapter's goals. Present economics as an experimental science. http://chalaux.org/mtemukin.htm

Home Telematic currency and market strategy (mtemuk.zip) Telematic currency and market strategy Magdalena Grau Figueras. Index Index Preface Introduction Information as a necessary element in any activity Present lack of information on the market ... Scope and contents of this essay A. Money systems until now Chapter 1. Limiting the matter being studied Goals and method of this chapter Historical context Geo-political context ... Fiscal simplification C. Rational money system and market measurement Chapter 8. Mercometrics and mercologics This chapter's goals Present economics as an experimental science Conceptualization and delimitation of the subject being studied ... Annex to chapter 9 D. Rational money system and market strategy Chapter 10. A hypothesis on the domestic market strategy This chapter's goals General enunciation of the hypothesis Approximation to an algebraic hypothesis formulation and subsequent strategy ... Minimal laws to protect mercantile liberties Editorial staff Collection Bullae First edition: Barcelona, May 1984 Centre d'Estudis Joan Bardina Second edition: Barcelona, 19th July 1997

54. Searchalot Directory For Local Currency Systems LETS List A database of LETS-systems and resources page links to articles aboutlocal economics and materials on operating a local currency system. http://www.searchalot.com/Top/Society/Organizations/LocalCurrencySystems/

Home Search News Email Greetings Weather ... Global All the Internet About AltaVista AOL Search Ask Jeeves BBC Search BBC News Business Dictionary Discovery Health Dogpile CheckDomain CNN Corbis eBay Education World Employment Encyclopedia Encarta Excite Fast Search FindLaw FirstGov Google Google Groups Infomine iWon Librarians Index Looksmart Lycos Metacrawler Microsoft Northern Light Open Directory SearchEdu SearchGov Shareware Teoma Thesaurus Thunderstone WayBackMachine Webshots WiseNut Yahoo! Yahoo! Auctions Yahoo! News Yahooligans Zeal Sponsored Links Top Society Organizations : Local Currency Systems Canada Europe United States Related Web Sites LETSystems - An overview of LETSystems, local currencies and the future of money. Also a list of frequently asked questions, a guide to starting your own LETSystem, and free software for running a LETSystem. [From Greater Manchester LETS in the UK] Community Currencies in Asia, Africa and Latin America - Information about community currency projects in the majority-world, and resources for starting your own local currency system Transaction Net: LETS - Compares LETS with other related systems such as Time Dollars and conventional national currencies.

55. Currency Unions Edited By Alberto Alesina And Robert J. Barro recessions and contractionary in booms—monetary policy and unions, explain howa currency union greatly is an editor of the Quarterly Journal of economics. http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/homepage/Books/currency.html

Home About Hoover Research Publications ... Involvement Currency Unions Edited by Alberto Alesina and Robert J. Barro ISBN: 0-8179-2842-1 $15.00 paperback 86 pages Table of Contents This book brings together a diverse group of experts on international monetary policy to examine the basic conceptual issues of currency unions and other monetary regimes, including flexible and fixed exchange rates, and assess the available empirical evidence on the performance of these alternative monetary systems. They also draw some policy conclusions on the desirability of currency unions for countries in various circumstances. Currency Unions Alberto Alesina received his Ph.D. in 1986 from Harvard, where he became a full professor in 1993. He is an editor of the Quarterly Journal of Economics. Robert J. Barro is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Robert C. Waggoner Professor of Economics at Harvard University. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii About the Authors ix Alberto Alesina Robert J. Barro Introduction xv Stanley Fischer Ecuador and the International Monetary Fund Alberto Alesina Robert J. Barro

56. Press Release: New Books From Hoover Press: Currency Unions Edited By Alberto Al that it allows for an independent monetary policy of currency unions, explain howa currency union can the Robert C. Waggoner Professor of economics at Harvard http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/PubAffairs/Releases/1001currency.html

Home About Hoover Research Publications ... Involvement HOOVER INSTITUTION Press Release FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE October 31 , 2001 CONTACT: Caleb Offley at 650-723-1454 New Books from Hoover Press: Currency Unions Edited by Alberto Alesina and Robert J. Barro STANFORD Currency Unions (Hoover Press, 2001) explain, however, the concept of "one country, one currency" has been called into question. Spurred by the adoption of the euro, countries have become more willing to consider the idea of a currency union, in which more than one economy shares a common money, note Currency Unions coeditor and Hoover fellow Robert J. Barro and coeditor Alberto Alesina in their introduction to the book. Thus, the discussion has shifted toward one of desirable forms and sizes of currency unions. In May 2000, about two dozen economists assembled at the Hoover Institution to consider basic conceptual issues about currency unions. Currency Unions Currency Unions Currency Unions Robert J. Barro is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Robert C. Waggoner Professor of Economics at Harvard University. Alberto Alesina is a professor of economics and government at Harvard University, with a specialty in political economy.

57. Beyond Greed And Scarcity By Bernard Lietaer - Alternative Monetary Systems Great Mother archetype herself represent in terms of economics? was exchangeable andbecame a type of currency. Proof that the monetary system had something to http://www.futurenet.org/2Money/Lietaer.html

home subscribe discussion guides events and links ... about us Money: Print Your Own! ~ Issue #2 table of contents resource guide Beyond Greed and Scarcity by Bernard Lietaer Few people have worked in and on the money system in as many different capacities as Bernard Lietaer. He spent five years at the Central Bank in Belgium, where his first project was the design and implementation of the single European currency system. He was president of Belgium's Electronic Payment System, and has developed technologies for multinational corporations to use in managing multiple currency environments. He has helped developing countries improve their hard currency earnings and taught international finance at the University of Louvain, in his native Belgium. Bernard Lietaer was also the general manager and currency trader for one of the largest and most successful offshore currency funds. He is currently a fellow at the Center for Sustainable Resources at the University of California at Berkeley.

58. Amazon.co.uk Managing The Euro In Information Systems: Strategies For Successful euro, Europes new unified currency, necessitates fundamental and Business AdministrationMonetary Policy systems IBM Compatible Business economics Money http://www.sysmod.com/amazonuk.htm

Finding the book in Amazon UK Finding the book in Amazon UK

59. EMU And Euro Information EMU/Euro Contents News updates and euro2002 email discussion lists links to live news tickersCategory Society Government monetary Union Euro...... Asked Questions on EMU, economics, and the Economic and monetary Union, conversionrates, information on rates and online realtime currency converters from http://www.sysmod.com/emu.htm

Systems Modelling Ltd. Euro Index Home Consulting Book List [ Euro Index ] Search Feedback Traduisez / Übersetzen / Tradurre / Traduza / Traduzca Related Pages: Consulting Book List [ Euro Index ] Search Feedback The euro content of this web site is preserved for the interest of readers in the UK, Sweden, and Denmark, and the accession countries. We have a wealth of archival material that describes the work that was done in the 12 eurozone countries for a successful transition to the euro on 1.1.2002. If you are doing contingency planning for a euro changeover, you can benefit from our considerable experience. Contact us for advice, training, and testing services to prevent problems in the systems conversion project! Email Euro News Book+CD Articles I.T. FAQ ... WebRing Index to our Euro pages Still-current links www.bankofengland.co.uk/euro/euroiss0211.htm Bank of England "Practical Issues Arising from the Euro" Nov. 2002 Issue. Communication from the European Commission to the European Council. Review of the introduction of euro notes and coins (6 March 2002) (pdf files 140 Kb) Help for UK businesses from Basda The BASDA (Business Application Software Developers Association) has launched a new booklet entitled ' (595K PDF), aimed at helping UK businesses deal with the practical issues arising from the changeover to the new currency on 1/1/2002.

60. London Guildhall University - Department Of Economics currency Areas convergence within the EMS; Optimal currency areas; monetary versuseconomic Cuthbertson, K., Quantitative Financial economics, Wiley, 1996 http://www.lgu.ac.uk/economics/courses/undergrad/modules/es324i.html

Unit information Level 3 - (spring) Prerequisites: and and or and back to course outline AIMS The main aim of the course is to explore the major monetary issues through the study of theoretical and empirical models. The role of monetary policy in determining prices of goods and financial assets will be an important feature of the course. LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the course students will be able to have a critical understanding of: the role of money in macroeconomic models and the transmission of monetary policy to economic activity and the price level; economic theories of the effectiveness of monetary policy and the interaction between real and financial sector of the economy; problems of estimation and testing of basic models. SYLLABUS Money demand: Quantity Theory; transactions demand for money; cointegration and error correction models; portfolio approach and extensions; empirical evidence and stability of demand for money.

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