41. Paleontology Curriculum- Paleontology Glossary warm, shallow sea in which corals, brachiopods, crinoids paleontology – The scientificstudy of prehistoric plants with backbones such as fish, reptiles, and http://www.nps.gov/maca/learnhome/cur_p_glo.htm

Paleontology Glossary a b c d ... i j k l m n o ... w x y z (also check out our cave terms glossary Adaptations – Characteristics that give an organism a better chance of survival. Archaeologist – A scientist who studies remains of past cultures, both prehistoric and historic. Archaeology – Study of past cultures through material remains. Articulated – Joints still connected. Artifact – An object made and used by humans. Biped – Any two-footed animal. Bivalves – An animal (such as a clam) that has a two-valved shell where both valves are the same size and shape. Also called Pelecypods. Blastoids – A Mississippian fossil consisting of a ½- to 1-inch cup-like body that was attached at the base to a short stem. Each of these bodies were five-sided and had arms radiating from it. Usually only the fossilized bodies are seen today. Brachiopods – (Lampshells) These sea creatures have two shells (called valves). One valve is usually larger than the other. The top of one valve will curl over the top of the second. This gives them an “oil lamp” shape. Some shells are smooth while others have ridges and grooves that radiate out from the middle of the hinge. Brachiopods are common in rocks of Cambrian to Carboniferous age. Bryozoans – Aquatic, colonial animals with branching, mossy or fan-like growth. They resemble corals but have more complex nervous, muscular and digestive systems.

42. Links paleontology. catalog / search tool http//www.actwin.com/fish/freshspecies InvertebratesCnideria Jellyfish, corals and Sea Anemones Another content-laden http://www.washjeff.edu/Chartiers/Chartier/Links.htm

Return Some Interesting Biology Links to the Web Some sites listed are as found at www.apcnet.com/fbs/bio.html Reference Tools Nature General Biology ... Viruses REFERENCE TOOLS Science Links Teacher Agency Links Biology links More Biology links ... Go to the Top of Page Nature Nature photographs by Ansel Adams - From various posters http://bookweb.cwis.uci.edu:8042/LBPosters.html Go to the Top of Page General Biology Bio Images The Biology Place Human Anatomy Links to other Bio-Web servers ... The Smithsonian The Smithsonian Institution Virtual Frog Disection Kit Cells Alive Cell Biology with Good Graphics The Electronic Zoo Pet Care and Veterinarians Welcome to New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Microscopic pictures of insects Go to the Top of Page CLASSIFICATION Phylogeny-Taxonomy Look Up - "Web Lift to Taxonomy" by the UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology. Interesting photos and explanations of MANY groups of animals. Can access fossil record, life history and ecology, systematics and morphology. (This site is rapidly expanding to include bacteria, fungi, plants, and all manner of organisms.) Text, photos, illustrations

43. Paleontology Overview ago, the study of which is called paleontology. such as brachiopods, bryozoans, clams,snails, corals, and echinoderms well known for its many fish and crinoids http://www.colorado-mall.com/HTML/EDUCATIONAL/SCIENCES/PALEONTOLOGY/FOSSILS/foss

44. 18 Mile Creek, NY contain fossils of trilobites, gastropods, corals, crinoids, brachiopods if you arelooking for fish parts you out this site New York paleontology When you get http://www.fossilguy.com/sites/18mile/

Location: 18 Mile Creek, and Lake Erie Cliffs of NY ~385 Million Years Old Middle Devonian, Givetian Hamilton Group, Ludlowville and Moscow Formations " A beautiful day in the life of two fossil collectors! " In the far background to the left, where the cliffs end, is the opening of 18-Mile Creek into the sewer, oops, Lake Erie. "Trilobite Graveyard" Here you can see the Lake Eerie exposures hiding trilobites. This is me for scale. Here is a cross-section of the cliff exposures, showing the formations. " We're not in Kansas anymore! " Buffalo on the horizon. IMPORTANT WARNING: If you are looking for the four-legged kind, this web page may not be for you. View our fossils found at 18 Mile Creek About the Area Also, During the Middle to Late Devonian period, the global climate was much warmer than it is today. Also, New York was almost on top of the equator. As a result, the warm shallow Catskill Sea, spoken of earlier, was the home of a wide variety of creatures, such as coral reefs, and many other invertebrates, such as brachiopods, pelecypods, crinoids, cephalopods, red algae, and gastropods. The corals and algaes contributed to the reef building of the time period. Trilobites were common in the Devonian as well, but by this point they were on the decline. By the end of the Devonian period, most were extinct. In addition, the Devonian period is known by some as the "Age of Fishes." Armored fish, placoderms, and primitive sharks lived in the Devonian period. In fact, most modern fish can trace their ancestry back to that time period. By the end of the period, fish had evolved jaws and became the major predators of their time. The problem with these fish, however, is the fact they were mainly cartilagenous, meaning to us they do not fossilize much. However, the dermal armor, scales, and teeth did, and these parts become the major links to fish of that time period.

45. The Ordovician An overview of the period from the UC Berkeley Museum of paleontology.Category Science Earth Sciences Paleozoic Ordovician...... these animals, plus red and green algae, primitive fish, cephalopods, corals, crinoids,and Mass Extinction at the Hooper Virtual paleontology Museum http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/ordovician/ordovician.html

The Ordovician 490 to 443 Million Years Ago The Ordovician period began approximately 510 million years ago, with the end of the Cambrian , and ended around 445 million years ago, with the beginning of the Silurian . At this time, the area north of the tropics was almost entirely ocean, and most of the world's land was collected into the southern super-continent Gondwana . Throughout the Ordovician, Gondwana shifted towards the South Pole and much of it was submerged underwater. The Ordovician is best known for the presence of its diverse marine invertebrates, including graptolites trilobites brachiopods , and the conodonts (early vertebrates). A typical marine community consisted of these animals, plus red and green algae, primitive fish, cephalopods, corals, crinoids, and gastropods. More recently, there has been found evidence of tetrahedral spores that are similar to those of primitive land plants, suggesting that plants invaded the land at this time. From the Early to Middle Ordovician, the earth experienced a milder climate in which the weather was warm and the atmosphere contained a lot of moisture. However, when Gondwana finally settled on the South Pole during the Late Ordovician, massive glaciers formed causing shallow seas to drain and sea levels to drop. This likely caused the mass extinctions that characterize the end of the Ordovician, in which 60% of all marine invertebrate genera and 25% of all families went extinct. Click on the buttons below to learn more about the Ordovician.

46. Important Fossil Animal Groups Themes Science paleontology / Paleozoology Paleozoology Important Zoantharia(modern corals) Phylum Bryozoa fishes cartilaginous fish Class Agnatha http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Paleontology/Paleozoology/Important

Themes Science Paleontology / Paleozoology Paleozoology Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera (sponges) Phylum Cnidaria (corals, anemones, jellyfish, hydra) Class Anthozoa (corals and anemones) Subclass Rugosa (Paleozoic solitary horn corals) Subclass Tabulata (Paleozoic colonial corals) Subclass Zoantharia (modern corals) Phylum Bryozoa (tiny colonial coral-like animals, but anatomically more complex than coral) Phylum Brachiopoda (dominant bivalve of the Paleozoic) Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Trilobita (alternatively, Class Trilobita) Subphylum Crustacea (shrimp, crabs, lobsters) Subphylum Chelicerata (horseshoe crabs, eurypterids, arachnids [spiders]) Subphylum Labiata (insects, centipedes, milipedes) Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda (snails) Class Pelecypoda (mollusk bivalves) Class Cephalopoda (nautiloids, ammonoids, squid, octopus, cuttlefish) Phylum Echinodermata stalked echinoderms (classes cystoidea, blastoidea, and crinoidea)

47. (invertebrates) AND (corals) Results On Scirus.com, For Scientific Information marine fish, aquariums and supplies for fish, invertebrates, corals 2. ScienceEarth Sciences paleontology Invertebrates corals Treasure http://www.scirus.com/search_simple/?frm=narrow&query_1=(invertebrates) AND (cor

48. INTRO to the science of paleontology in Arizona in molds of brachs, bryozoans, trilobitepygidia, corals both tabulate and rugose, fish material, mollusks http://www.psiaz.com/Schur/azpaleo/intro.html

49. TWD -- Creation? These Fossils Say No Orthodox paleontology says that fish were a new and rare type of Brachiopods andbryozoans had not yet been replaced wholesale by clams and corals. http://my.erinet.com/~jwoolf/cinord.html

Creation? These Fossils Say No Creationists are fond of making sweeping claims about the nature of fossils and of fossiliferous rocks, but on closer examination, their claims usually break down. An excellent example of this can be found by taking the creationist flood-geology concept and testing it against the fossil beds that are found around Cincinnati, Ohio. I consider these rocks a perfect testing ground for creationist claims they are simple, straightforward sedimentary rocks with no igneous intrusions, no faults, no slanting, folding, or other deformation. In other words, nothing that might distort the record. They are today as they were when they were formed. If creation claims are true, we should be able to verify them in these rocks as well as in any others, and far better than in many. (Note: I don't claim that what is said here is rigorous or authoritative. This is simply one amateur's analysis of these rocks and what they show.) If you take a map of Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana, and draw a circle of fifty kilometers radius centered on downtown Cincinnati, the area inside the circle contains some of the finest Ordovician Period fossil beds in the entire world. In fact, a part of the Upper Ordovician has been designated the Cincinnatian epoch, because its fossils are better exposed here than anywhere else on Earth. Above the Kope Formation lies the FAIRVIEW Formation. This formation also consists of limestone and shale, both similar in quality to the Kope Formation rocks. The major difference lies in the layering. In the Fairview Formation, the limestones and shales are more evenly distributed: 20-50cm of shale layers, then a limestone bed 5-10cm thick, then more shale. A given limestone bed may consist of two distinct layers of limestone.

50. Diseases diseases of algae, sponges, and fish have been Because corals grow slowly, live fordecades to and pathology, ecological monitoring, and paleontology will be http://www.uncwil.edu/isrs/disease.htm

ISRS Statement on Diseases on Coral Reefs Diseases of corals and other organisms are having significant, negative impacts on the structure and appearance of coral reefs. On some reefs, the effects of disease have been of a similar magnitude to more familiar disturbances, such as outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish in the Indo-Pacific and worldwide coral bleaching associated with elevated sea temperatures. A new scientific awareness of diseases on coral reefs leads to a host of questions about the novelty of recently discovered syndromes, the importance of observed trends toward increasing infection rates, and the extent to which human activities are responsible. This statement, issued by the International Society for Reef Studies (ISRS), summarizes current knowledge on the subject. It was compiled by an ad hoc group of scientists in ISRS, composed of individuals who are directly or indirectly considering disease as part of their research programs. Disease is a natural process that has been poorly studied in the oceans because of its ephemeral nature. Epidemics in animal populations, called epizootics, are a serious threat to the health of coral reefs worldwide. Recent observations of epizootics affecting sea urchins and corals show that diseases on reefs can devastate their target populations and act as agents of rapid and dramatic community change. Marine pathologists and microbiologists are attempting to identify the causes of infection, but the pathogens responsible for most diseases affecting reef organisms remain elusive. These difficulties complicate efforts by scientists and managers to study outbreaks and to determine if control measures are warranted. It is becoming clear, however, that human activity is at least partially responsible for disease outbreaks on coral reefs over the past decade.

51. Geology 3140 - Paleontology Syllabus GEOL 3140 paleontology Spring 2000 Students screening for Cretaceous F 2/25 Labexercise - Cnidaria Stony corals. W 4/12 Vertebrate origins/fish Chapter 17. http://ga-mac.uncc.edu/faculty/griffing/3140syllabus_S'00

GEOL 3140 - Paleontology Spring 2000 Students screening for Cretaceous vertebrate fossils near Elizabethtown, NC Fossil Mako shark tooth collected near Cross, SC Instructor: Dr. David Griffing Offices Hours: W 2-3 pm, R 9-10 am Office: McEniry 406 Lecture Time: MWF 9:00-9:50 am Phone: 547-2667 Lecture Room: Kennedy 321 e-mail: dhgriffi@email.uncc.edu Lab: during F lecture time Purpose: This course will expose you to the nature of the ancient biosphere. It will also familiarize you with many of the important groups of fossil organisms that played a significant role in the history of life on Earth. Our goal is to understand how the fossil record and paleontological analysis provides insight into the evolution of life, ancient depositional environments, major climatic changes, and plate tectonic reconstruction. Text: Prothero, Donald R., 1998. Bringing Fossils to Life: An Introduction to Paleobiology. WCB/McGraw-Hill, Boston, 457 p., ISBN 0-07-052197-2 Attendance : Attendance of lecture, lab exercises and one weekend field trip is required for completion of this course. I will endeavor to mix in as much hands-on experience with fossils as possible, both in normal lecture time and during short lab exercises (some of which may be multi-week projects).

52. BIOME OMNI VETGATE BIORESEARCH NATURAL SELECTION AGRIFOR Link To corals, Fossil; Fossiles du bassin de Paris. with the majority being molluscs,echinoderms or fish. paleontology/Cenozoic; Fossils/Catalogs and collections http://nature.ac.uk/browse/560.222.html

Top Palaeozoology Images Images ... American Museum of Natural History. Amber : window to the past Developed as a Web companion to an exhibition at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in New York, this site contains images and descriptions of organisms preserved in fossilised amber. The site describes the conditions required for amber fossil formation and how fossils were used to recreate a 23- to 30-million-year-old Dominican amber forest, which features in the exhibition. Other features include amber in art, amber varieties and the cultural significance of amber. Amber fossils; Amber/Inclusions; Amber; Amber art objects; Digital morphology at the University of Texas The Web site of the Digital Morphology library at the University of Texas presents an "archive of information on digital morphology and high-resolution X-ray computed tomography of biological specimens". Examples include specimens of the four living species of tapirs ( Tapirus spp.) and of the coelacanth ( Latimeria chalumnae ). Over 100 specimens have been scanned for the site; users can observe 3D stereoscopic images; move specimens around to change perspective and view animations. QuickTime is required. The library is browseable by scientific name, common name or taxonomic grouping; a number of search options are also offered. In addition to the images, there are accompanying descriptions, references and Web links.

53. Expertise-Paleontology Expertise in paleontology. Dewing, Keith. Wayne Bamber. Paleozoic corals. RamKalgutkar. SilurianDevonian ostracoderm fish. John Wall, Mesozoic foraminifera). http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/calgary/research/expertis2_e.html

Contact Us Help Search Canada Site ... What's New Research Projects Bookstore Collections Library ... Staff Calgary Basin Analysis Sequence Stratigraphy Paleontology Geological Mapping Structural Geology Seismic Analysis Geochemistry ... Regional Expertise Expertise in paleontology Dewing, Keith Carbonate stratigraphy, Sandy McCracken Lower Paleozoic and Devonian conodont microfossils MacNaughton, Robert Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic trace fossils Dave McNeil Mesozoic and Cenozoic microfossils Godfrey Nowlan Lower Paleozoic and Precambrian microfossils Terry Poulton Jurassic molluscan fossils Richards, Barry Art Sweet Mesozoic and Cenozoic nonmarine palynology John Utting Upper Paleozoic and Triassic palynology James White Mesozoic and Cenozoic palynology Zonneveld, John-Paul Emeritus researchers Wayne Bamber Paleozoic corals Ram Kalgutkar Tertiary fungal palynology Walter Nassichuk Late Paleozoic ammonoids Allan Pedder Devonian coral fossils Tom Uyeno Devonian conodont microfossils Ray Thorsteinsson Silurian-Devonian ostracoderm fish John Wall Mesozoic foraminifera) Visiting Scientists Brian Norford Early Paleozoic, macrofossils

54. Home Page | Catalogs | How To Order paleontology. General paleontology. Paleobotany, Palynology. Micropaleontology (Forams,Diatoms, etc.). corals, Sponges, Bryozoans, etc. Arthropods. Pisces fish. http://home.planet.nl/~m.rappol/paleonto.htm

Home page Catalogs How to order Lingua Terrae Catalogs Paleontology General paleontology Paleobotany, Palynology Micropaleontology (Forams, Diatoms, etc.) Corals, Sponges, Bryozoans, etc. Graptolites Conodonts Molluscs (without Cephalopods) ... How to order

55. Cornell College: Student Symposium The paleontology reveals an abundance of marine as the remains of rare marine vertebrates(fish). brachiopods, echinoderms, bryozoans, rugosan corals, and rare http://cornellcollege.edu/student_symposium/1997/geological_paleontological.shtm

Symposium Schedule Instructions Geological and Paleontological Survey of the Troy Mills Quarry (Cedar Valley Formation, Devonian), Linn County, Iowa Tom Rothfus, '99 Jenni Klein, '99 Shawn Wolfe, '98 Sponsor: Ray Rogers Last Update: June 12, 2002 6:29 am Site Maintainer: symposium@cornellcollege.edu

56. UBC EOS - Undergraduate Programs from almost all of the animal groups, from algae to corals to fish. to the leftof the Jellyroll, present some of the basic principles of paleontology. http://www.eos.ubc.ca/public/outreach/museum.htm

UBC M.Y. Williams Planet Earth Museum to the museum. The facility is named for M.Y. Williams, a distinguished Canadian geologist and former head of the UBC Department of Geology (now a part of the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences). "M.Y." was instrumental in starting these collections in 1924. He died in 1974, having been associated with the department for over 50 years. If you'd like to book a tour of the museum, please contact the EOS Main Office for information. Displays This 10 metre-long animal is one of the main attractions in the museum. Lambeosaurus lived in what is now southwestern Alberta about 80 million years ago. This specimen was collected by Charles Stemberg in 1931. This unusual sedimentary structure was collected and installed in 1986. The specimen is only a single grain thick, but it is a perfect cross section the structure as it was found in the field. On the left side you will find a description of how the jellyroll was collected, and on the right a description of what it is.

57. ACES and ACES party Institute of paleontology, University Erlangen warm, tropical watersand exotic fish, but not of the North Atlantic where corals were regarded as http://www.geol.uni-erlangen.de/pal/proj/aces/

Atlantic Coral Ecosystem Study (ACES) Coordinator: Prof. A. Freiwald Institute of Paleontology Erlangen University Loewenichstr. 28 D-91054 Erlangen Germany Tel: +49 9131 / 85-26959 Fax: +49 9131 / 85-22690 E-mail: andre.freiwald@pal.uni-erlangen.de Link: Partners/Subcontractors THE ATLANTIC CORAL ECOSYSTEM STUDY (ACES): A MARGIN-WIDE ASSESSMENT OF CORALS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITIES IN EUROPE'S DEEP WATERS and ACES party Institute of Paleontology, University Erlangen, Germany INTRODUCTION In the Northeast Atlantic, the geographic distribution of deeper water coral (DWC) ecosystems can be traced from the slopes and banks off the Iberian Peninsula as far north as the Scandinavian Shelf. To cover the variation in environmental factors and interactions at ocean boundaries which enable the development of DWC ecosystems, the ACES scientific community will focus on selected key flagship areas along this latitudinal gradient - Galicia Bank, Porcupine Slope, Rockall Trough, Skagerrak, Norwegian Shelf. Our aim is a margin-wide environmental baseline assessment of the status of Europe's deep-water coral margin to provide recommendations for essential monitoring and methodology requirements for future sustainable development. The evolution of new management concepts for the sustainable use of deeper-water marine ecosystems on a margin-wide scale is a grand challenge that can only be achieved on a joint European scale. To meet that challenge, ACES will focus on three main scientific objectives which will provide the scientific data necessary to carry out our final objective which is to provide impartial practical recommendations for enlightened management of this spectacular deep-water ecosystem.

58. Paleontology And Geology Glossary Ends in mass extinction. Cambrian 540 to 500 mya Explosion of life forms.First shellfish, primitive fish, trilobites, corals, mollusks. http://www.littleexplorers.com/subjects/dinosaurs/quiz/Period.shtml

GEOLOGIC EONS, ERAS and PERIODS The period is the basic unit of geological time in which a single type of rock system is formed. Two or more periods comprise a geological Era. Two or more Eras form an Eon, the largest division of geologic time. Some periods are divided into epochs. The major periods in the geologic history of the Earth are (mya=million years ago): EON ERA PERIOD P H A N E R O Z O I C 540 mya through today CENOZOIC Quarternary 1.8 mya-today First humans, mammoths, mastodons, saber-toothed cats. Neogene 24-1.8 mya Australopithecus appears. First sheep, cattle, modern whales, bears, mice, rats, apes, monkeys, dogs, modern birds appear. Paleogene 65-24 mya First deer, cats, pigs, tapirs, and rhinos, elephants, horses, owls, shrews, hedgehogs, and rabbits evolve. MESOZOIC Cretaceous 146 to 65 mya First flowering plants, snakes, crocodilians. K-T mass extinction at end kills dinosaurs, and others Jurassic 208 to 146 mya Adundant dinosaurs, first birds. Triassic 245 to 208 mya First mammals, dinosaurs, frogs, turtles, crocodyloformes. PALEOZOIC Permian 280 to 245 mya Sail-back reptiles. Amphibians abundant. Pangaea forms. Ends with mass extinction.

59. USGS Paleontology Products Page 1993 The Siphonophrentidae (Rugose corals; Devonian) of B, Shorter Contributionsto paleontology and Stratigraphy bibliography of fossil fish, amphibians, and http://geology.er.usgs.gov/paleo/productsGRAPHICS.shtml

60. Cnidarians important groups (in terms of paleontology) construct their can sometimes superficiallyresemble corals in skeletal Scyphozoa (jelly fish) only occur in marine http://paleo.cortland.edu/tutorial/Cnidarians/cnidarians.htm

CNIDARIANS From Eldredge (1991) INTRODUCTION The phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata in some texts) includes both solitary and colonial organisms that have radial and/or bilateral symmetry. Typical cnidarians alternate each generation between a fixed polyp stage and a free living medusoid stage. Most cnidarians are considered carnivores because of their ability to actually catch food with their stinging cells called nematocysts. Some groups, particularly the reef-corals employ photosynthetic algae (zooxanthellae) within their tissues in a symbiotic relationship to aid in supplying food needed for their rapid growth. The cnidarian classes Anthozoa (corals) and Hydrozoa have calcified skeletons of aragonite and calcite and a good fossil record, whereas the long fossil record of the class Scyphozoa (jelly fish) is comprised mostly of molds and casts. Class Octocorallia is not well represented in the fossil record because of its poorly calcified skeletons. The general form of coral colonies may be quite similar in unrelated anthozoans (e.g., some colonial Tabulates and Scleractinians) because form represents a basic response to long-term environmental conditions (i.e., limiting factors such as light, turbidity, and especially wave and current energy). The first part of the lab introduces you to the taxonomy of the Cnidarians and their geologic ranges. The second part concentrates on aspects of coral morphology, coloniality, and integration that are used to deduce ancient environments

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