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As TB (including extrapulmonary) has become commonin Subsaharan africa due to increased prevalence ofHIV, this study was done as a descriptiveretrospective record reviews of patients admittedand treated for musculoskeletal tuberculosis inNyangabgwe referral Hospital in Botswana fromjanuary 1st 2002 to december 31st 2008.It showed a significant association betweenmusculoskeletal tuberculosis and HIV but decline inthe prevalence of mTB at about the same timeBotswana embraced HAART and introduced IPT to herpopulace. Another important finding was delayed diagnosis often resulted in more severe neurologiccomplication most of which however where wellmanaged with timely and appropriate HAART andantituberculous medication. ... Read more

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Graduate and professional actor training providecountless hours in exercises designed to improveacting skill. However an artist?s education seeks toaccumulate a personal definition of what exactly itis that we do onstage as actors, and by whatindividual process we arrive at a performance.Essence to Action chronicles the development of anactor?s process through three roles, and finisheswith the discovery in rehearsal and in performanceof the all-important dynamic between an ensemble andthe individual performer. Within this monograph thetransformation is documented that takes place on theway to performance and examines how resolving issuesof trust and control are essential to thattransformation. ... Read more

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The New Consultation: This book contends that the computer is an active agent in the general practice consultation. This agency is enacted in different ways at different stages in the consultation. Flexible sets of alliances evolve in the communication among the three players: patient, doctor and computer. This means that the accepted dyadic model of patient/doctor relationship is no longer adequate to describe the interactions that occur. The consultation proceeds through a series of frames in which relationships are negotiated; in the first minute a complex process of negotiation between all three players occurs; in the early information gathering part of the consultation, a negotiation about the translation of information and authority occurs. In the later stages transmission of information from multiple sources are shaped and adapted to need. At this point the computer plays a more generative role. Computers also directly affect the pattern and flow of the consultation. Set notions of the different styles/models of the doctor-patient relationship do not endure when computers are introduced into the consultation and become integral to it. ... Read more

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Today many African states are formal democracies (in the sense of having governments that are the result of formal elections) but they are not liberal democracies (in the sense of protecting civil liberties and permitting an unhindered alteration of power).They are rather what Fareed Zakaria has termed illiberal democracies.This study explores the impediments to the development of liberal democracy in one such case: Zambia. Following a review of Zambia?s pre-independence history and the failure of post-independence decentralization efforts, the study reviews Zambia?s recent government reform measures, such as the 1993 Public Service Reform Programme and the 2004 National Decentralisation Policy.Local government policies and finances are also considered in a comparative historical context. The study argues that decentralization is pursued by governments as a mandate of structural reform from international organizations, without adequate attention to the flow of resources to local governments.While indigenous variables are considered the study concludes that the politics of strengthening Zambia?s local governments extend well beyond Zambia?s borders. ... Read more

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The Niger-Delta region of Nigeria continues to be a topical area of concern not only to the Nigerian state; its peoples and government, but also to scholars and human development agencies globally in spite of the plethora of studies on the region since the 1990s. This is essentially because the pervasive crisis of underdevelopment which underlies various forms of social and armed conflict in the region remains unresolved.In this light, this book attempts a peak into the ever unfolding dimensions and trajectories of human insecurity in the Niger-Delta ... Read more

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Uterine size is a reflection of a woman'sreproductive status and can be of help in detectionof pathology. This dissertation is for cliniciansand sonographers especially those in Nigeria. Thework investigated uterine sizes, uterineanteversion, retroversion, dextro rotationand levo rotation. It came up with results that areinteresting for comparism with previously reportedvalues by some renowned authorities. ... Read more

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In the U.S. Department of Education?s National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) report in 2005 more than 3.7 million teachers were educating more than 54 million elementary and high school students across the country. Given the current teacher population of more than 3 million among 16,000 school districts across the country, the turnover rate is projected to be up to fifty percent (Feistritzer, Harr, Hobar, & Losselyong, 2004). With a focus on 21st century skill development, individuals with life experiences in the work place and industry will serve as a pool of candidates to fill these vacancies. According to Feistritzer (2009), all fifty states and the District of Columbia now have Alternate Route (AR) teaching certification programs to recruit individuals who have earned college degrees and worked in their chosen fields but had no prior teaching experience.The focus of this study explores issues related to the New Jersey high school alternate route teachers? transition process to the classroom in the following three phases. ... Read more

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From the beginning, Montréal has played a significant role in French writing of North America.While it is relatively easy to find novels to support the idea of Montréal as the center of the French Canadian universe, a more interesting challenge has been to examine the ways in which writers avoid the city, sometimes even effacing a character?s, and perhaps their own, montréalité in the process. In this book I examine the various roles of Montréal ? agent, setting, allegory, theme, character, trope ? in a wide range of novels and short stories.I reveal how Montréal?s topography serves to offset the notion of a uniform citizenry while simultaneously reinforcing class differences.I also reject the traditional rural/urban rivalry by examining texts that draw attention to a failed, romanticized view of rurality, yet highlight the fact that Montréal?s urban egocentrism can be considered no less an idealized view of society.Perhaps the most valuable inquiry into the literature of Montréal found in the book is the subversion of the monolithic and homogeneous image of the city by detailing individual particularities which reflect the diversity of Montréal?s various neighborhoods. ... Read more

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmunedisease characterized by production of a wide rangeof autoantibodies, multiple organ involvement and bytissue deposition of immune complexes (ICs) in theinflamed organs. In contrast to most systemicinflammatory conditions, and despite raised levelsof proinflammatory cytokines, SLE flares are rarelyreflected by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), anessential acute-phase reactant in man with homologsin vertebrates and several invertebrates. As a partof the innate immune system, CRP binds certainmolecules exposed on the surface of dyingcells/apoptotic debris. CRP also interacts with IgG- containing ICs, binds Fc receptors and activates thecomplement system via C1q. In this book, theimportant role of CRP and anti-CRP autoantibodies inthe lupus pathogenesis is highlighted. This bookshould be of use for rheumatologists, immunologists,nephrologists, pathologists and PhD students with aninterest in this particular field of research. ... Read more

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Research has shown that in first world countries,governments that have supported their SMMEs andentrepreneurs have grown and the economies haveprospered. The contrary applies in countries thathave imposed barriers and restrictions on thedevelopment of the SMMEs and entrepreneurs.There is a growing recognition of the importance offostering SMMEs and entrepreneurial growth in SouthAfrica. The small business sector has beenidentified as a very important sector and thegovernment of the Western Cape has launched variousstrategies to improve the plight of the entrepreneur. ... Read more

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The purpose of this work is to provide an introduction to the solo saxophone repertoire of American composer Elliot Del Borgo (b. 1938).By examining Del Borgo?s relatively unexplored body of works for saxophone, this research aims to encourage further research and performance of the composer?s six compositions for solo saxophone, including two sonatas, two unaccompanied pieces, a work for saxophone with strings and a piece for solo saxophone with band. The following topics are addressed, in order, to introduce the saxophonist to this repertoire and establish its compositional merit: Del Borgo?s biographical background, his compositional influences, his approach to writing for the saxophone, the importance of his collaborations with saxophonist Dale Underwood and analyses of the composer?s music for saxophone.The final chapter will provide conclusions drawn from this research, followed by appendices containing transcripts of telephone interviews with Elliot Del Borgo and saxophonist Dale Underwood. ... Read more

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This work visualizes a comparative theory in conceptualizing the issue of global interest in some selected world literatures of Ireland, Nigeria, Sweden and India. It evokes the theory of narratology with specific anchor on the science of the narrative which underscores and envisages the research work. It probes succinctly into a disarm sensitivity common problems of man, these problems were highlighted in a brief and concise manner in order to reshape the need for global interest. This research enables more understanding about English language and its socio-cultural implications with China, Korea and Japan. The work, however, apply theory with traditional models by combining all of science, literature and global perspectives in a society that is riddled with inevitable change. ... Read more

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This book tells the story of rural poor farmers inUganda as they come into contact with the NationalAgricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) initiativeunder conditions of subsistence farming, marketfailure and poverty. Featuring some of the keyaspects of the contemporary extension thinkingnotably addressing poverty through market-orientedagriculture and embracing a demand-driven approachto extension,the NAADS initiative is here considereda "prototype" for a new approach to extension. Theanalysis shows a mismatch between NAADS' aspirationsand the conditions of its largely subsistence andresource poor clients, particularly women and youth.The book offers a useful resource for professionalsand policy makers responsible for designing andimplementing interventions in constrained ruralfarming conditions. ... Read more

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Measuring Temperature without Joule heating effects in CE: The introductory chapter gives a detailed description of thermal effects in capillary electrophoresis.The following experimental chapters describe simple methods to find the mean temperature of electrolyte inside the capillary, which do not involve any external equipment. The current and voltage data collected from the instrument is used to find the conductance, G at various applied voltages. By plotting a graph of G vs the power per unit length, P/L, a straight line is obtained which is extrapolated to P/L = 0 to find the conductance free of Joule heating G(0). The increase in temperature of the electrolyte is found from the change in G. Studies in fused silica-and polymer- capillaries are presented. A quick technique for fitting conductance versus voltage data to find the temperature increases is also described. Electroosmotic mobility may be used to find the temperature at the inner capillary wall. Techniques for finding limiting electrophoretic mobilities and for determination of the surface heat transfer coefficient are also presented. If you are interested in temperature measurement in CE, this is book foryou. ... Read more

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The increasing frequency of extreme events in Ugandaplaces the survival of its small-scale farmingcommunities at risk since subsistence rain-fedagriculture is their primary source of livelihood.Given its scarce irrigation schemes, the erraticrainfall patterns in Uganda lead to field waterstress, crop failure, and eventually food insecurityand famine. This book examines the adaptationstrategies of small-scale agroforestry farmers toclimate change and variability in West Nile Agro- ecological zone, Uganda. The socio-demographicfactors that influence the farmers' choice ofadaptation strategies have been detailed.Recommendations have also been drawn to increase thefarmers' resilience to the negative impacts ofclimate change and variability and to take advantageof opportunities presented by the change. ... Read more

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The Social Gospel Movement rose in the early twentieth century in America as a response to modern industrial realities.It supported the national progressive party of its era, the Republican Party.As the Democratic Party became America?s national progressive party, following the New Deal era, it failed to integrate the Social Gospel into its midst and has since experienced difficulty mobilizing religious voters and defining the sacred.Contemporary Democrats, religious scholars, and clergymen call on the Democratic Party to connect either with a revitalized Social Gospel.These calls make sense in the context of the competing Republican Party?s successes relating to traditional and conservative Protestant voters.But given the historical inability of the Democratic Party to connect meaningfully with a religious movement- even one seemingly tailor-made like the Social Gospel Movement, a new coalition of progressive Christians is unlikely to center the Democratic Party within a coherent religious tradition in the near future. ... Read more

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Two polymorphisms found within the CTLA4 gene were studiedamongst a sample of coeliac patients and cord blood DNA samples thatacted as the control group. Polymorphisms within the CTLA4 gene havebeen associated with other autoimmune conditions and the gene playsa very important role in immuno-regulatory function. The coeliacindividuals and cord blood samples were genotyped for the -318 C/Tand +49 A/G single nucleotide polymorphisms. No association of thesingle polymorphisms or the combined haplotypes with the coeliaccondition was apparent amongst the coeliac patients under study. The-318 C allele and the +49 A allele were in linkage disequilibriumamongst the cord blood samples. ... Read more

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When a state administrative agency takes action affecting a liberty or property interest, due process protections must be taken into account.Participants need to be assured that their cause has been heard by an impartial adjudicator who is capable of making an informed decision based upon the evidence in the record. Procedural justice doctrine teaches us that process matters to participants in formal decision-making.When state agencies take action that affects a property or liberty interest, we want assurances about the fairness of the process - both that it be fair, and that the participants are convinced that the process was fair to them and to all. This book examines administrative hearings conducted by state agencies, to determine whether participants believe the process is fair.Common to all such hearings is the use of a fact-finder or adjudicator who is not a member of the independent judicial branch of government.The book reports on the results of nationwide surveys of participants of state agency hearings, probing whether the participants believe these hearings are fair.It also offers concrete steps that can improve the perception of fairness in agency hearings. ... Read more

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This book examines the careers of doctors in Botswana, adeveloping country without its own medical school or strongly organised medical profession. It argues that the interplay between the socio-economic and political forces and doctors experiences internalised over the years at medical school, contribute to medical migration from the public health sector to private practice, and abroad. The book first looks at the influences that are considered when one chooses a mdeical career. Then, it explores students' medical school socialisation outisde Botswana, and how this interfaces with subsequent workplace exeperience in Botswana. The retention efforts within the public service and the "pull" factors to the industrialised countries and international agencies are also discussed. ... Read more

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This volume argues that the social sciences are a vital resource for theological reflection. It challenges John Milbank's rejection of social theory on the basis that it is corrosive of theology. The book demonstrates that enthusiasm for rescuing theology from the Enlightenment?s critique of religion can become problematic. This is evident in authors like Milbank, but also Luce Irigaray and Helen Cixous, when they construct idealist withdrawals from social reality, rather than more refined understandings of social and religious experience. In the course of this analysis, the critical social theory of Theodor W. Adorno is a frequent dialogue partner. The discussion demonstrates that Adorno?s thought provides a helpful resource for bringing theological reflection and social theory into fruitful conversation. ... Read more