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JOSEPH GLANVILL AND PSYCHICAL RESEARCH IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY -- CONTENTS -- CHAPTER I BIOGRAPHY . 7 CHAPTER I1 PAQE SCIEPTICISM . . 23 CHAPTER I11 PLATONISM . . . 36 CHAPTER IV THE ROYAL SOCIETY . . 48 CHAPTER V CHAPTER V1 PSYCHICAL RESEARCH FACTS AND THEORIES . 78 5, JOSEPH GLANVILL CHAPTER I BIOGRAPHY THERE is no century, perhaps, in English history that exhibits to our sight so many con- trasts as does the seventeenth. Every age, no doubt, is a transition age, and every age ex- hibits change but the seventeenth century may, in a very special sense, be characterised as a time of flux. It was an age of fervent religious enthusiasm, as also an age of licen- tiousness and indifference to religion. It was an age of gross superstition, as also an age in which the foundations of modern scientific knowledge were laid. There was war in the schools, between scholasticism, which for so many centuries had held sway over mens minds, and the new experimental and inductive philosophy which owed its origin to Bacon. There was also war in the land, the mind of thenation oscillating in a choice between republic- anism and monarchism. We may perhaps look upon this outward strife and clash of political theories as, in a way, the manifesta- tion and outcome of an inner and spiritual conflict. But from the vantage point of time we can avoid the error of imagining the political conflict as a contest between the powers of darkness on the one hand and those of light on the other. We can-indeed, we must- admire the love of moral purity and hatred of hypocrisy in religion and tyranny in govern- ment which characterised the Roundhead policy whilst, on the other hand, it is quite obvious to us that, under a continued Round- head administration, neither the arts nor the sciences could have flourished culture would have come to an end, and religion become dry and unbeautiful. The Stuart regime, on the other hand, even if it was based upon absurd nonsense concerning the divine right of kings, and even if it did encourage licentiousness, provided that warm, genial atmosphere in which alone the cultivation of the liberal arts is possible. The Cavalier possessed a sense of beauty that the Roundhead lacked he had either no religion or else a genial and generous one and whatever may be urged against the Stuarts, we must always remember that it was Charles I1 who granted the Charter to The Royal Society-an event of supreme im- portance in the real history of the nation, even if it is not always recognised as such. Into this century of turmoil and stress, Joseph Glanvill was born. He was, in the phraseology of his time, a man of many parts, brilliant, versatile, broad-minded-in a way peculiarly characteristic of his age, since in him very many of the diverse streams of thought of this age seem to meet and combine. He was a staunch Anglican, distrusting Non- conformity because of the narrowness of its creeds but he had a tremendous admiration for Baxter. He was a sceptic, who believed in God. He was a member of The Royal Society, an experimental philosopher, who believed in witchcraft. These things sound somewhat like paradoxes, and in fact some of those critics who have endeavoured to estimate the value of Glanvills work have found the last of these seeming paradoxes rather too much for them. As a matter of factl, they are not paradoxes at all, or at any rate they are paradoxes which Glanvill succeeded in resolving and we shall find, as we proceed, that his philosophy-that is to say, the sum of his views concerningthb world and the next-forms a consistent whole... ... Read more

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PREFACE. THE following illonograph has its origin in several short papers, published by the author in the C enzical Nezos see Che nicul Nezos, xcv, 193, 301 xcvi, 188 xcvii, 183, 263, and 266 xcviii, 25 and 80. The earlier papers have been rewritten to some extent, and considerably amplified. Some entirely new sections will be found as well, namely, those dealing with the - calculatioi of thermal constants for sulphur and for nitrogen compounds. In the opening chapter of this work- On the Calculation of Physico-Chemical Constants -the author puts forward a proof that the usually adopted method of calculating additive physico-chemical constants is fuildainentally wrong, and outlines a more logical method. The rest of the work is concerned with the application of this inethod to therinal constai ts. The study of the thermal behaviour of polyinet h ylenes leads to iinpwtaut evidence for the validity of von Baeyers Strain Theory. Thomsens method of calculating thel mal constants, not coming under the objections mentioned in the first chapter, but, nevertheless, being unsatisfactory, is dealt with briefly in an Appendix. The unit of heat employed throughout is the large calorie, written Cal. 1 Cal. 1,000 cals.. As a rule the figures given are correct to the first decitnal place, i. e. 2, Cal. only, as the secoilcl place is Leyoild t l c linlit of experimental accuracy. The a1 breviatioils RI. H. C. fbr. niolecular heat of combustion, a i d 31. 11. F. for moleculnr heat of foiania tiou, are used occasioilally throughout this book. Tlie autllors l eartiestt hal ks a re clue to Mr. F. E. IYestoli, BSc. Loud., F. C. S., for his killcl llelp ill reading the proofs, c. 11. S. 1. CONTENTS PAGE .. PREFACE . , 111 OS THE CALCULATIO O N F HTSICO-CHEJIICACLO NSTANTS , 1 OX THE C, ZLCULATIOX OF THER IO-CHEMICCAOLS STANTS . 9 1. Itltroduction . 9 8 1. Cl oiceo f Data. 2. The 1 ata employed. 2. Iltermal Constants of the IIydrocarbons . . l2 5 3. AIolecular IIeats of Combustion of the IIydrocarbons. 4. Thermo-Chemical Evidence for Ton Uaeyers Strain Theory. 5 5. The Constitution of Benzene. 3. Tl erninEC onsta itso f the Il jd. ocarbons contintled . . 22 G. AIolecnla. I-Ieats of Formation of the Ilydrocarbons. 7. Relative Theoretical 17alue of Rlolecular Heats of Coinbustion and Formation. 4. Ther nalC ort ta o f tOs rganic llalogen Co11rpounds . . 30 8. hlolecular Ileats of Combustion of Organic Ilalogen Compounds. 9. hlolecular Heats of Formation of Or ganic Halogen Compounds. 10. Calculation of the Molecular Heats of Combustion and Forination of Aromatic Compounds. 5. Tlrermal Constants of Orgunic Oxygelz Compounds . . 38 11. Iolecular Heats of Combustion of Ethers. 12. BIolecular Heats of Formation of IStl ers. 13. Rlolecular Heats of Combostion of Alcoltols. 14. AIolecular Heats of Formation of Alcohols. G. Tlrer nal Constants of Organic Oxyge z Cony, oa nds continued . . 48 15. Jlolecular Ileats of Combustion of lietones and Aldehydes. 5 1G. Rlolecular IIeats of Formation of Aldehydes and ICetones. 5 17. hlolecular Heats of Combustion of Esters. 18. Rlolecular lrkats of Conlbustion of Acids. 19. hlolecular 1Ients of Formation of 13sters and Acids. v i CONTENTS PAGE 7. Yhertr o-CI enzicIaCl zide acef or von Waeyers Strai11 Theory 59 5 20. Thermal 13cluivalents of tlre Intmmolecular Strain in Polymetllylenes. 21. Thermal Equi alent of t l c Intrainolecnlar Strain in Ethylene Oxide. 8. Ylrer Caoln stants qf 01. ya71ic Sulphur Conzl ounds . . 66 22. hIolecnlar IIeats of Colnbustion of Organic Sulphur Compound.. 23. Ihe Con titution of rlriol hrlle. 24. Jrolecrilnr IIeats of kornlation of Organic Snll llur Con l ouuds. 0. term alC orr stcc lti of Or jall tc , Yttr. oyer Co t pou . tls . i c i 25. hIolecular Ileats of Combustion of Organic Sitrogc n Co npounrls Sitrogen linhecl entirely to Carbon. 26... ... Read more