Editorial Review Product Description A highly acclaimed biography of a much neglected president, a gripping narrative that illuminates a crucial epoch in U.S. history. ... Read more Customer Reviews (32)
Polk
I wanted to fill in some gaps in my US history knowledge but got a pleasant surprise.This book is a fascinating story of how a narrowly focused President was crucial in making the US territory into what we know today. An interesting account of the collection of characters that came together to accomplish the feat of extending the US from sea to shining sea.
A Perfect Biography of a "Forgotten" President
Merry's A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent (Hardcover) is an excellent biography of a vastly under-appreciated American president.I had always wondered why - among all of our presidents - Polk regularly rates in the top 10 by historians, especially since he had only served one term.Merry's book admirably answers that question.And in reading it, I suspect you will begin to wonder why Polk ONLY rates in the top 10 and not in the top five.
Polk promised one term and in that single term set out to accomplish four goals:
1. Increase American prosperity
2. Settle the joint occupation of Oregon with Great Britain
3. Expand the US to the Pacific ocean by acquiring at least California
4. Ensure currency stability
And in four years, Polk accomplished every single one of those tremendous goals.
A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent (Hardcover) walks the reader through how, from Polk's political apprenticeship under Andrew Jackson through his deft handling of both his own party and Congressional dawdling, Polk accomplished all of the above and led the nation to victory in a war with Mexico.Along the way, we glimpse why the Founding Fathers had struggled with the slavery issue, put it aside, and how it was roaring back into life as the US expanded.Midway through Polk's term in the 1840s, Southern senators and representatives were threatening violence and disunion to retain their "peculiar institution."
Polk had to juggle strong emotions, a back-biting cabinet, and a nation still searching for its way.It was a period when the phrase "manifest destiny" was coined and the US increasingly pushed the old European powers out of North America.
Merry's book is extremely well written and sourced, with just the right amount of digression to help a reader understand the backdrop and complexities of an issue like Texas annexation.Indeed, it is the mark of a good biography that the reader finds himself unwittingly hoping the subject will change ("Fire Buchanan this time, please - he's just going to backstab you again") even though the events took place 160 years ago!And this Merry is able to accomplish.
Indeed, I was a bit disappointed when this book ended and frustrated that Merry ended it so quickly after Polk left office - but then *chagrin* I realized that Polk died suddenly 4 months after leaving office, so how much longer could the biography of Polk gone on?
And finally, Merry includes what I personally like to see in a good biography - a section on the legacy of the person profiled.
Merry's biography of Polk, A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent (Hardcover), is incredibly well worth your time and should be high on your list of non-fiction to read this year.
My New Favorite President
He did everything he said he was going to do.He won every fight he didn't ask for.He did it in a single term as planned.Certainly as a model of execution for a particular job, Polk's presidency should rank very high.Merry's book presents clear perspective from 32 presidents beyond Polk's administration yet includes the detailed political melee that would be found in newspapers of the day.Polk's plain views, the circumstances of the Mexican war and slavery have rendered him an obscure president, until now.
A Luckyand Successful President
A Country of Vast Designs by Robert W. Merry, is subtitled James K Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent. During Polk's single term as president, the US annexed the Republic of Texas (which contained parts of the current states of New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming. Texas had defeated Mexico and established its de facto independence in 1836, but Mexico refused to recognize that status and a technical state of war still existed between them. Mexico had stated that US annexation of Texas would be cause for renewal of the war. To complicate matters, Texas claimed the Rio Grande as its southwest border while Mexico claimed that the Nueces River, about 100 miles further northeast, was the border. Simultaneously, Britain was negotiating with the Texans with an eye to establishing a British protectorate. Separately, Britain and the US were trying to negotiate a settlement to their joint occupation of the Oregon Country between California and Russian Alaska. The annexation of Texas by the US and its admission as a state were actually completed as a last act of the administration of John Tyler, the Democrat-turned-Whig VP that succeeded William Henry Harrison upon the latter's death a month after his inauguration. This was the situation that Polk inherited upon his inauguration in 1845.
Polk was a sober, serious, and hard working president, and, in my view, blessed with an inordinate degree of good luck. After a successful career in congress as a protégé of Andrew Jackson, he was elected governor of Tennessee. After this success, his luck left him, temporarily, and he was twice defeated in successive runs for governor. With this negative momentum behind him, he decided to attempt a comeback by seeking the vice presidency in 1844. The presumed Democratic nominee was Martin Van Buren, the former president who had been defeated by Harrison in 1840. Shortly before the Democratic Convention, Van Buren, a New Yorker, announced his opposition to the annexation of Texas, which cost him the support of the southern and western Democrats who supported annexation. The demise of the presumed nominee threw the convention into chaos. After several ballots, Polk, at Jackson's urging, agreed to allow his name to be considered for the presidential nomination, rather than the vice presidency. He was nominated as a compromise candidate favored by the south and west and acceptable to the northeastern Van Buren block. Given his status as no one's first choice, Polk pledged to serve a single term, leaving the next election open to his many rivals. In the general election, the Whig candidate, Henry Clay, took a page out of Van Buren's playbook by opposing Texas annexation, and followed Van Buren into defeat.
Upon winning the presidency, Polk set about achieving his four primary goals: (1) Obtaining California from Mexico, (2) resolving the Oregon dispute with Britain in a manner favorable to the US, (3) eliminating tariffs designed to favor certain domestic interests, replacing them with uniform percentage on the value of all goods, and (4) establishing an independent treasury to handle the finances of the government.
With war brewing with Mexico, Polk sought a negotiated settlement of the Oregon issue with Britain. A US proposal to divide the territory at latitude 49 North was summarily rejected by the British ambassador to Washington without referral back to London. The ambassador sought to make the Columbia River (between the current states of Oregon and Washington) the boundary. Polk rejected Secretary of State Buchanan's strong advice to continue negotiations and waited for the British government to make the next move. The president's fortitude was rewarded when the British government overruled its ambassador and offered to accept 49 North as the boundary with the small modification that left the southern tip of Vancouver Island that extends south of 49 North as British territory.Polk had achieved one of his four goals.
To deal with the Mexican threat he inherited, Polk sent a diplomatic mission to Mexico with instructions to seek a peaceful resolution and full powers to negotiate a settlement within predefined bounds. The Mexican governments in the 1940s were a chaotic lot, sometimes vaguely democratic, often outright despotic, usually put in power by military force. Constitutions were changed almost as often as governments. The Mexican government of the day refused to receive Polk's emissary, making war unavoidable. Polk sent Gen Zachary Taylor with a small army to the northeast bank of the Rio Grande, US territory. Soon after its arrival, a Mexican force crossed the river and attacked a small detached US force and inflicting casualties. The Mexican War was on.
Prior to the onset of war, a small US force under Col John C. Fremont was mapping western territories and had entered the Mexican territory of California. Fremont, exceeding his authority and aided by US Naval forces under Commodore Robert F. Stockton, seized control of California soon after the war started. Simultaneously, an expeditionary force under Gen Stephen Kearny departed from Kansas and seized Santa Fe, the capital of the Mexican territory of New Mexico (essentially all the Mexican territory between Texan and California).
California and New Mexico were sparsely populated and minimally defended territories that fell easily to small US forces. After these initial successes, the war turned into a slugging match in which repeated US victories were met by increasing Mexican determination not to accept defeat. To end the war, Polk sent a large force under Gen Winfield Scott to take the port of Veracruz on the Gulf of Mexico and then march west to take Mexico City. Scott succeeded in these assignments but got himself into hot water by offering an unauthorized bribe to Mexican General Santa Anna to accept defeat. Santa Anna took the bribe but kept on fighting. After Mexico City fell, the Moderado Party came to power and accepted Polk's terms of peace: (1) US annexation of Texas and (2) Mexican cession of California and New Mexico to the US in exchange for US assumption of Mexican government debts to US citizens and the payment of $15 million for the ceded territories. Polk had achieved a second of his four goals.
Meanwhile, in the midterm election of 1846, the Whigs took control of the House of Representatives. As the advocates of protective tariffs, they were ill disposed to support Polk's goal of low, uniform tariffs. Furthermore, as successors to Alexander Hamilton and the Federalist Party, they were supporters of the Bank of the United States, quasi-governmental national bank that Andrew Jackson had abolished. They were equally ill disposed to support Polk's establishment of an independent treasury. By seemingly miraculous legislative maneuvering, Polk succeeded in pushing his two remaining goals through the congress and signed them into law.
Throughout his presidency, Polk was burdened by a Secretary of State, James Buchanan, whose first loyalty was to his own presidential ambition, and a senior Army commander, Winfield Scott, whose exalted self-opinion resulted in repeated temper tantrums and insubordination. If Polk had a significant failing, it was his inability or unwillingness to rid himself of these two disloyal subordinates. In Scott's case, he was a spectacularly successful field commander. Buchanan seems to have had no such mitigating virtues. Polk kept both of them them in their key positions and achieved all his goals despite their troublesome conduct.
Polk has been portrayed in the modern popular press as an aggressive imperialist waging an unjust war on a weak neighbor. The author refutes these characterizations and notes that Polk is ranked among the top ten presidents by a significant number of eminent historians.
Great book!
Excellent narrative flow. Good insight into an under researched topic. A 'must have' for anyone interested in James K. Polk and the Mexican-American War.
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