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The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed so that the phase out schedules could be revised on the basis of periodic scientific and technological assessments. Since the 2002 Assessment of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, a large number of technical developments have taken place. The present publication reports on and responds to various requests of the Parties. ... Read more

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The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed so that the phase out schedules could be revised on the basis of periodic scientific and technological assessments. Since the 2002 Assessment of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, a large number of technical developments have taken place. The Panel's six Technical Options Committees have each issued a 2006 Assessment Report that document these developments. The present publication contains the report on methyl bromide. ... Read more

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The Handbook contains full text of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer as adjusted and amended up to 1999. It also contains a useful summary of control measures to phase out ozone-depleting substances as well as all decisions adopted by the Parties to the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol from 1989. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

deals with some of treaties, not all
not well organized, but useful ... Read more

Product Description
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed so that the phase out schedules could be revised on the basis of periodic scientific and technological assessments. Since the 2002 Assessment of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, a large number of technical developments have taken place. The Panel's six Technical Options Committees have each issued a 2006 Assessment Report that document these developments. The present publication contains the report on foams. ... Read more

Product Description
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed so that the phase out schedules could be revised on the basis of periodic scientific and technological assessments. Since the 2002 Assessment of the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, a large number of technical developments have taken place. The Panel's six Technical Options Committees have each issued a 2006 Assessment Report that document these developments. The present publication contains the report on refrigeration and air conditioning. ... Read more

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This text aims to assist government environment officers and customs officials in developing countries with deciding how to design their own systems to monitor and control importation of ODS (Ozone Depletion Substances) by learning from the actual experience of their peers in the South East Asia and Pacific region. The guidebook emanates from a need for such examples that was expressed by the network of ODS officers in that region, a forum for close co-operation among government officers in charge of designing and implementing ODS phase-out strategies which is partially supported by the Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency (Sida). ... Read more

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This volume is produced from digital images created through the University of Michigan University Library's large-scale digitization efforts. The Library seeks to preserve the intellectual content of items in a manner that facilitates and promotes a variety of uses. The digital reformatting process results in an electronic version of the original text that can be both accessed online and used to create new print copies. The Library also understands and values the usefulness of print and makes reprints available to the public whenever possible. This book and hundreds of thousands of others can be found in the HathiTrust, an archive of the digitized collections of many great research libraries. For access to the University of Michigan Library's digital collections, please see http://www.lib.umich.edu and for information about the HathiTrust, please visit http://www.hathitrust.org ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Atmospheric isoprene and other selected hydrocarbons were measured continuously at a suburban site and an urban site in order to study their possible effects on ozone formation in different seasons. The summer measurements at both the urban and suburban sites revealed that atmospheric mixing ratios of isoprene were synchronous with solar radiation, concentrations reaching a maximum at noon and decreasing to near zero in the evening. In contrast, wintertime atmospheric abundance of isoprene showed little concurrency with solar radiation. As the biogenic source subsided in winter, the anthropogenic source started to play a dominant role in controlling the atmospheric abundance of isoprene. Using propane as a reference compound, the source characteristics of isoprene were able to be deconvoluted from meteorological modulation confirming the insignificant biogenic contribution in winter. Implication of isoprene on noontime ozone formation was discussed not only from the aspect of reactivity but also from the time characteristics of the diurnal cycle. This study demonstrates that although the reactivity is important, the timing of the flux, which has been shown to have drastic difference between the cold and warm seasons, could play an even more critical role in shaping the daily ozone profile. This investigation shows that the midday emissions of isoprene in warm seasons could produce a much larger photochemical loss and therefore, a stronger ozone formation ability than emitted in other hours of a day due to the coherence of isoprene and OH diurnal cycles, both of which are sunlight driven. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
The field measurement program of the Central California Ozone Study (CCOS) was conducted during the summer of 2000 with an overall goal of improving the understanding of ozone formation over central and northern California. Measurements of actinic flux were made as part of the study using spectroradiometers located at University of California, Davis; Sunol, California, and the Desert Research Institute in Reno, Nevada. The measured actinic flux was compared with the standard Peterson flux for a high ozone episode that occurred at the end of July. The standard Peterson flux was found to be greater than the measured flux across the spectral range. The measured actinic flux was used, along with standard quantum yields and absorption cross-section data to calculate the photolysis rate parameters for nitrogen dioxide, ozone and formaldehyde, and a radiative transfer model was used to simulate these same photolysis rate parameters. The simulated photolysis rate parameters for nitrogen dioxide could be up to 56% greater than the photolysis rate parameters derived from the measured actinic flux; for ozone the difference was as great as 160%; for the molecular reaction of formaldehyde the difference was as great as 89%; and for the radical producing channel the difference was as great as 126%. A simple atmospheric chemistry box-model was used to estimate the significance of these differences for air quality assessment. For a typical high ozone episode day 31 July, differences between modeled ozone concentrations based on photolysis rate parameters versus those derived from measured actinic flux were less than 7% change in concentration, while differences in HO concentrations were as high as 15%. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Young beech and spruce were grown in pots along a gradient of ozone pollution in Switzerland. Spruce was harvested after one and beech after two seasons and carbohydrate concentrations were measured in different plant fractions. Ozone uptake was calculated as cumulative flux, cumulative flux with thresholds of 1.6 or 3.2nmolm^-^2s^-^1, or as AOT40. In beech, the monosaccharide concentration in fine roots showed a decreasing trend with increasing ozone, with similar results for all methods used to quantify ozone. In spruce, the concentration of starch decreased in both the thicker root fractions (@A 1-5 and >5mm) and stems with increasing ozone, whereas starch concentrations in needles increased with increasing ozone. In the needles, the increase in starch concentration showed the best correlation with cumulative ozone uptake. The defining of the length of the growing season proved to be a crucial parameter in the flux calculations. The results suggest that carbohydrate concentrations may be used as an indicator for ozone impact in spruce. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
This paper deals with tropospheric ozone modelling by using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). In this study, ambient ozone concentrations are estimated using surface meteorological variables and vehicle emission variables as predictors. The work is especially focused on analysing the importance of the input variables used by these models. This analysis is carried out in different time windows: all the time of study (April of 1997, 1999 and 2000), one month (April 1999), and finally, an hourly analysis. All the information extracted from these analyses can determine the most important factors in tropospheric ozone formation, thus achieving a qualitative model from the quantitative model obtained by neural networks. The relative importance of both meteorological and vehicle emission variables on the surface ozone prediction is of great interest to establish the legislative measures that permit to reduce the tropospheric ozone levels. The methodology developed in this study is applied to a small town near Valencia (Spain), but it can be generalisable to other locations. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Environment International, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Ambient monitors are commonly used to estimate exposure for epidemiological studies, and air quality modeling is infrequently applied. However air quality modeling systems have the potential to alleviate some, although not all, of the limitations of monitoring networks. To investigate this application, exposure estimates were generated for a case study high ozone episode in the Northern Georgia Region of the United States based on measurements and concentration estimates from an air quality modeling system. Hourly estimates for 2268 4-km by 4-km gridcells were generated in a domain that includes only eight ozone monitors. Individual and population-based ozone exposures were estimated using multiple approaches, including area-weighted average of modeled estimates, nearest monitor, and spatial interpolation by inverse distance weighting and kriging. Results based on concentration fields from the air quality modeling system revealed spatial heterogeneity that was obscured by approaches based on the monitoring network. With some techniques, such as spatial interpolation, monitoring data alone was insufficient to estimate exposure for certain areas, especially for rural populations. For locations far from ozone monitors, the estimates from the nearest monitor approach tended to overestimate exposure, compared to modeled estimates. Counties in which one or more monitors were present had statistically higher population density and modeled ozone estimates than did counties without monitors (p-value <0.05). This work demonstrates the use of air quality modeling to generate higher spatial and temporal resolution exposure estimates, and compares the advantages of this approach to traditional methods that use monitoring data alone. The air quality modeling method faces its own limitations, such as the need to thoroughly evaluate concentration estimates and the use of ambient levels rather than personal exposure. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from boreal peatland microcosms were semiquantitatively determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques in a growth chamber experiment. Furthermore, effects of vegetation composition and different ozone concentrations on these emissions were estimated by multivariate data analyses. The study concentrated on the less-studied VOCs, and isoprene was not analyzed. The analyses suggest that a sedge Eriophorum vaginatum is associated with emissions of the four most-emitted VOC groups (cyclic, aromatic, carbonyl and aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds) and also with VOCs emitted in smaller amounts (terpenoids and N-containing compounds). A woody dwarf shrub Andromeda polifolia was strongly associated with emissions of aromatic, carbonyl and terpenoid compounds. Results suggest that exposure to an ozone concentration of 150ppb leads to an increased emission of most VOC groups. Emission of aromatic compounds seems to increase linearly with increasing ozone concentration. These observations indicate that peatlands may be a source of a vast range of volatile compounds to the atmosphere. For more accurate assessment of the impact of elevated tropospheric ozone on the terpenoid and non-terpenoid VOC emissions from peatlands, well-replicated open-air ozone-exposure experiments should be conducted. ... Read more