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This digital document is a journal article from Building and Environment, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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In Hong Kong, the Environmental Protection Department (HKEPD) has launched an indoor air quality (IAQ) certification scheme to promote an acceptable IAQ in workplaces. However, the associated uncertainties and measurement efforts have not been detailed for practical measurement in indoor spaces. In this study, indoor carbon dioxide (CO"2) concentration is selected as an indicator of the IAQ to investigate the probable errors and measurement efforts in different sampling schemes regarding the sampling point density. In particular, a one-year measurement for sample-spatial average indoor CO"2 concentration at 17 sampling locations in a typical large office (floor area=1200m^2) has been used to evaluate the probable errors of the sample-spatial average concentrations using different sampling point densities. The result shows that the measured concentration at a single sampling point could not be representative for the space and more than one sampling locations would be required in order to increase the measurement accuracy. Mathematical expressions for the sample-spatial average concentration at a confidence level at certain sampling point densities are proposed. When doubled the required measurement points, it was found that the probability of obtaining a measured CO"2 concentration at the confidence level of 95% could be increased from 70% to 90%, as compared with the current sampling practice. It is recommended to specify the measurement uncertainties in future codes so that effort for IAQ measurements in indoor spaces could be determined for practical strategies. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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A simple methodology was developed to collect measurements of duty cycle, the fraction of time the heating and air conditioning (HAC) system was operating, inside residences. The primary purpose of the measurements was to assess whether the HAC duty cycle was related to reductions in indoor particulate matter (PM) concentrations. A miniature temperature logger placed on an HAC outlet vent monitored changes in temperature as the system cooled or heated the residence. Temperature step changes signaling duty cycle periods were identified using spreadsheet macros. Parallel measurements of 24-h integrated air exchange rates (AERs) and indoor PM"2"."5 and PM"1"0 concentrations were collected to determine relationships with the duty cycle. The mild temperatures (mean=18.7^oC) present during the Spring season of the RTP PM Panel Study and personal comfort preferences caused low and variable daily duty cycles (mean=0.061, std. dev.=0.054) in both heating and cooling mode. Warmer ambient temperatures during the Fall season of the Tampa Asthmatic Children's Study (TACS) resulted in cooling-only HAC operation, with a higher mean duty cycle of 0.21 (std. dev.=0.11). Statistically significant linear relationships were observed between daily average duty cycle and the ambient temperature for both studies. Duty cycle exhibited a strong diurnal pattern commensurate with ambient temperature fluctuations. Duty cycles were positively associated with the residence AERs for heating-mode operations, but negatively associated when operating in cooling mode. Personal preferences contributed to the variability in the relationship between duty cycle and AER. The relationship between duty cycle and PM"2"."5 or PM"1"0 indoor-outdoor ratios were not statistically significant. The association of duty cycle with indoor-outdoor ratio was confounded by the short time span (mean of 10.3min for the TACS) of HAC system operation and the presence of strong indoor sources altering the indoor concentration levels. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Journal of Aerosol Science, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Essential oils, predominantly comprised of a group of aromatic chemicals, have attracted increasing attention as they are introduced into indoor environments through various forms of consumer products via different venues. Our study aimed to characterize the profiles and concentrations of emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) when evaporating essential oils indoors. Three popular essential oils in the market, lavender, eucalyptus, and tea tree, based on a nation-wide questionnaire survey, were tested. Specific aromatic compounds of interest were sampled during evaporating the essential oils, and analyzed by GC-MS. Indoor carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO"2), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), and particulate matters (PM"1"0) were measured by real-time, continuous monitors, and duplicate samples for airborne fungi and bacteria were collected in different periods of the evaporation. Indoor CO (average concentration 1.48 vs. 0.47ppm at test vs. background), CO"2 (543.21 vs. 435.47ppm), and TVOCs (0.74 vs. 0.48ppm) levels have increased significantly after evaporating essential oils, but not the PM"1"0 (2.45 vs. 2.42ppm). The anti-microbial activity on airborne microbes, an effect claimed by the use of many essential oils, could only be found at the first 30-60min after the evaporation began as the highest levels of volatile components in these essential oils appeared to emit into the air, especially in the case of tea tree oil. High emissions of linalool (0.092-0.787mgm^-^3), eucalyptol (0.007-0.856mgm^-^3), d-limonene (0.004-0.153mgm^-^3), @r-cymene (0.019-0.141mgm^-^3), and terpinene-4-ol-1 (0.029-0.978mgm^-^3), all from the family of terpenes, were observed, and warranted for further examination for their health implications, especially for their potential contribution to the increasing indoor levels of secondary pollutants such as formaldehyde and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in the presence of ozone. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Building and Environment, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Continuous sampling is one of the common approaches for assessing indoor pollutant level. It is believed that the longer the measurement time, the higher the accuracy and confidence level of the measurement can be achieved. In 2003, the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department (HKEPD) launched an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) certification scheme to promote an acceptable IAQ in workplaces. However, measurement efforts and uncertainties associated with the sampling method have not been addressed. Alternative sampling schemes taking shorter measurements in the sampling period were proposed in some circumstances. In this study, the average carbon dioxide (CO"2) concentration of a workplace is selected as an indicator of the indoor air quality to investigate the probable errors and measurement efforts in four sampling schemes, regarding the sampling period: in Scheme A, it is from a continuous sampling throughout the measurement; in Scheme B, it is from two sampling periods of two equal sessions of the measurement; in Scheme C, it is from two structural sampling periods of the two sessions; and in Scheme D, the average concentration is from four sampling periods in four equal sessions of the measurement. In particular, a year-round indoor CO"2 concentration at 17 locations in a typical office in Hong Kong was used to evaluate the probable errors using these four sampling schemes. At certain confidence levels, the required measurement times of the alternative sampling schemes (Schemes B, C, D) were evaluated and compared with that of an 8-hour continuous one (Scheme A). It was found that Scheme C would offer a reduction of measurement effort up to 30%. It is recommended to specify the uncertainties and efforts of measurement in future codes, and to consider these sampling schemes in determining practical strategies for IAQ measurement. ... Read more

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Offers practical strategies to construct, test, modify, and renovate industrial structures and processes to minimize and inhibit contaminant formation, distribution, and accumulation. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Environment International, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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In contrast to a majority of reported damage-cost literature being focused on outdoor pollution, this paper describes the development of a protocol that links population exposure data with reported epidemiological concentration-response coefficients. A change in indoor particulate level is expressed as a change in total exposure levels, which is then linked with a corresponding change in ambient particulate concentrations before evaluating the associated health benefits. In this study, the development of protocol is illustrated by using a typical office building environment and daily time activity patterns of office occupants in Hong Kong. Our results indicate that some benefit gains for the owners-employers and the society would be anticipated if certain filter set configurations had been adopted. However, the amount of benefit gains for the owners-employers is shown to be increased with the average salary level of employees and the duration of their stay in offices. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Building and Environment, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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The uncertainties of professional choice of 'representative' sampling locations for general indoor air quality (IAQ) assessment are reported from the perspective of probable errors deviated from the sample-spatial average pollutant concentration of an indoor environment. In this study, associations between the professional choices of the sampling locations and attributes of the assessors were examined to quantify the uncertainties of the IAQ assessment results for a typical air-conditioned office in Hong Kong. In particular, a long-term (one-year) measurement result of the spatial indoor carbon dioxide (CO"2) concentrations in this office was used as a basis to investigate the probable errors due to the choices of sampling locations. Comparing with the random choices, the assessment accuracy with the expert choices would be significantly improved for coarse sampling point densities at certain engineering acceptable error limits. It was reported that the location choices and assessment accuracy would be significantly influenced by the academic background of the assessors. An assessor group with higher academic level would make a choice leaning towards more accurate assessment results. To avoid an inappropriate level of reliance on the assessment results, uncertainties must be quantified for IAQ assessment. This study provided a template for further investigations into the uncertainties of IAQ assessment results involving professional choice of 'representative' sampling locations and the results might be a useful reference for assessing indoor environment elsewhere. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Human Ecology, published by Cornell University, Human Ecology on March 22, 2001. The length of the article is 871 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Carpets in schools don't compromise indoor air quality.(Brief Article)
Author: Susan S. Lang
Publication: Human Ecology (Refereed)
Date: March 22, 2001
Publisher: Cornell University, Human Ecology
Volume: 29Issue: 2Page: 24

Article Type: Brief Article

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This new edition contains 33 standards for establishing consistent and reliable methods for the sampling and analysis of indoor air, and for the interpretation of results from measurements. By developing data on indoor air composition, the ultimate goal of creating healthier buildings can be more easily achieved.ASTM International's Subcommittee D22.05 developed these standards, which are recognized around the world as the most credible guidance available for the sampling and analysis of indoor air. Progress in indoor air science and practice depends on acquisition of data that can be meaningfully compared and interpreted. The evolution of indoor air science will eventually enable the creation of healthier building environments. P>Audience: The indoor air investigator or researcher, as well as those managing air quality in buildings will find many useful standards in this publication to assist in sound assessment and evaluation of indoor air quality. ... Read more

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HEALTH PROFESSIONALS HAVE FOUND THAT THE AIR PEOPLE BREATHE IN THEIR HOMES IS LIKELY TO BE TWO TO FIVE TIMES MORE POLLUTED THAN THE AIR THEY INHALE OUTSIDE. INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IS RANKED IN THE TOP FIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS TO OUR HEALTH. How Indoor Air Quality Affects Your Health and what you can do about it- provides in-depth information on the effects to our health of the many pollutants in the home and how we can eradicate them and breathe clean, fresh air.

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Indoor air quality (IAQ) is increasingly making front-page headlines, and the magnitude of the problem is just beginning to surface. Designed for engineers and architects, this reference on IAQ includes coverage of the control and assessment of asbestos, radon, carbon monoxide and other contaminants; investigative procedures; measurement and monitoring techniques; inspection and testing; and bacteriological and biological issues. Complete with information on Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and Building Related Illness (BRI), plus troubleshooting techniques for new and existing construction, the book features an interdisciplinary perspective that provides a full treatment of IAQ. ... Read more